Bird Imagery in Jane Eyre Essay example -- Jane Eyre Essays

In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses many shells of imagery to provide understanding of the characters and also to express reoccurring themes in the novel. Through bird imagery specifically, we are able to see Jane develop from a small, unhappy child into a mature and satisfied young woman. The familiarity and favourable position of birds have given them a wider range of meaning and symbol in literature than any other animal. The resemblance of their activities to common patterns of human behavior makes them exceptionally suitable for anthropomorphic imagery that links man to the common forms of nature (Lutwack xii). Through the use of birds such as doves and sparrows Bronte enables the audience to gain insight into the type of person that Jane is, caring, selfless, and independent. It also allows the reader to see what type of person Mr. Rochester is, strong and controlling, by comparing him to eagles and cormorants. The connotations involved with the specific birds mentioned in Ja ne Eyre allow the reader to wrick aware of the distinct traits the characters possess and certain reoccurring themes presented in the novel. Bronte allows the reader to see the loneliness that Jane is experiencing at Gateshead Hall, by showing the relationship between her and birds. Dismissed from talk with Mrs. Reed and the Reed children Jane retreats to a window seat and disappears into her own imaginative world with Thomas Bewicks History of British Birds. She is concerned more with the illustrations than the text, she states the letter-press I cared little for, generally speaking (20 ch. 1). Through these illustrations, Jane is able to relate to the feeling of solitude expressed by the pictures. One drawing in particular that Jane observe... ...round Europe. Rochester, who is likened to birds of prey, seems to total the description of these birds well. Being ravenous and preying on others is something that Rochester continually does during the novel, and this helps exemplify his dark character. By utilizing these specific connotations that particular birds carry with them the reader is better able to labour the traits of Jane and Rochester. Works CitedBewick, Thomas. History of British Birds. Newcastle Beilby, 1797. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Beth Newman. Boston St. Martins, 1996. Lutwack, Leonard. Birds in Literature. Gainesville Up of Florida, 1994. Renfroe, Alicia. Prometheus Unplugged. 1996. <http//prometheus.cc.emory.edu/panels/2D/A.Renfroe.html (25 March 2011).Rowland, Beryl. Birds With Human Souls, A Guide to Bird Symbolism. Knoxville U of Tennessee P, 1978.

Essay --

In this study the Bayesian inference will in conditioned on data and not on the design for in exploring Bayesian hail in crops trials. Our main interest was to ascertain how Bayesian methods have been applied in the design and analysis of real data of estimation of a single crop variety trial in block designs, genetic gain, genotypic and phenotypical correlations, and genotypes by environment integration, stability analysis and breeding values. The methodology for the literature search Bayesian methods in crop trials. Yuen and Mila (2012) state that a Bayesian approach is useful in plant pathology. Bayesian inference, based on probability is a convenient way to deal with these sorts of problem. The main difficulty with likelihood methods argon optimization problems such as multiple modes, solution of likelihood equations etc., whereas integration problem is more often associate with Bayesian approach that largely callable to the advancement in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) metho ds, especially Gibbs sampling techniques. WinBUGS (the Windows version of Bayesian inference Using Gibbs Samp...

HIV and AIDS :: STD, HIV, AIDS

In 1981, the first cases of severe immune system deterioration were recognized developed unusual infections. The new disease was later named "AIDS". At that time, no one knew what was causing the disease. Since then, science has shown that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (human immunodeficiency virus) is the cause of AIDS. As human immunodeficiency virus infection progresses, it weakens a persons ability to fight off diseases. By attacking the immune system, the virus leaves people more susceptible to other diseases. When a person with HIV contracts one of several additional diseases, or when a persons immune system shows serious deterioration, that person is classified as having AIDS. As of June 1994 over 550,000 Ameri whoremasters had AIDS. I have updated numbers. Globally, 37.8 million adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2003. More than 95% were living in low- and middle-income countries. In 2003, 4.8 million people were newly infected with HIV, a nd there were 2.9 million adult and child deaths imputable to HIV/AIDS. Almost 50% of newly infected adults were women. Since the beginning of the epidemic, there have been more than 20 million AIDS deaths.HIV is transmitted during sex, by means of signifi domiciliatet and direct contact with infected blood (including menstrual blood), from mother to baby, Breast milk, Semen and possibly pre-seminal fluid ("pre-cum"), Vaginal secretions. In order for HIV to be transmitted HIV must be present. HIV must get inside the body. The sexual looks that can transmit HIV. Vaginal sex (penis in the vagina), Anal sex (penis in the anus) involving either men or women and Oral sex (mouth on the penis or vagina). Other ways that HIV can be transmitted Sharing needles when shooting drugs Home tattooing and body piercing Accidental needle sticks Blood transfusions Childbirth Breast-feeding. It is important to know, Most people with HIV infection do not look sick. It is important to remember that HIV is NOT transmitted through Saliva, tears, sweat, feces, or urine Hugging Kissing manipulate Shaking hands Insect bites Living in the same house with someone who has HIV Sharing showers or toilets with someone with HIVSome behavior is more risky than others. It is important to recognize that risk factors are not the direct cause of disease. HIV affects people at every point on the risk spectrum and many people who are most "at risk" for HIV infection never become infected. Understanding HIV risk factors can help you better evaluate your own risk.

africa Essay -- essays research papers

African CulturesAfrica has much(prenominal) than 800 languages native to its continent. African cultures atomic number 18 so diverse that they are distinguishable from any other culture of the domain of a function. African cultures contain many different languages. African languages range from parking area French to languages unheard of to most muckle such as Swahili. African liberal arts are much different than American arts. Their art involves much more creative pottery, masks, and paintings. Africa has a very(prenominal) fire culture. Reasons being the people are very creative and like to express their several(prenominal)ity. The most diverse cultures in the world belong to Africa. at that place are more than 800 languages spoken in the continent of Africa. Most Africans speak ii or three languages, their primary language, or mother-tongue, and a second or third language to communicate with people from other close by areas (Fetzer A-102).African languages are broke n up into four individual categories Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, and Khosian. The most commonly heard two categories are Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan. Both of these groups can modify the meanings of words by the tone of the speakers voice. Niger-Congo languages are spoken of the people in West Africa, below the Sahara desert, southern and of import Africa. Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken mainly in Central Africa. Afro-Asiatic languages are mainly spoken in Northern and northeast Africa. This group includes Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, and Arabic. Khoisan languages are spoken mostly in Southern Africa by Bushmen, members of traditionally roaming hunting people, and Hottentots, members of pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa. Khoisan languages are communicative through clicking sounds (Fetzer A-102).Some South Africans speak Afrikaans, a language that was developed from Dutch. Europeans in African speak Portuguese, French, and side of meat (Fet zer A-102). English is becoming very recognized in the countries of Africa. The 1991 South African Census concluded that 45% of the people in South Africa have a speaking knowledge of English. It likewise concluded that 10% refer to English as their mother-tongue. The most common languages in South Africa are Xhosa, Tswana, Zulu, and Swahili (African Languages).Zulu is one of nine Bantu languages spoken in East Southern Africa. Approximately 8.8 trillion people speak t... ... language of Africans (African Individuality). Ceremonies are held when someone changes their social status and social relationship with those in the community. There are about six ceremonies in ones life. The first is their birth, the second is their maturity, third is their marriage, fourth is their child bearing, fifth is their elderliness, sixth is their death. Ceremonies are simply socially sanction methods of participating in pleasurable events (African Individuality). Africans draw body modifications as beauty. Body modifications, such as piercing, have been practiced in Africa for centuries. People there conceptualize that one is not fully man and cannot be distinguished from animals if not pierced. Piercing is brought with royalty and portrays courage of a person (African Cultures Piercing).African cultures are different from any other culture in the world. The languages of Africa are unique in their own way. The arts of Africa are beautiful and different from any other arts in the world. African people are creative and like to express their individuality. Africa is a very original continent with lots of culture. africa Essay -- essays research papers African CulturesAfrica has more than 800 languages native to its continent. African cultures are so diverse that they are different from any other culture of the world. African cultures contain many different languages. African languages range from common French to languages unheard of to most people such as S wahili. African arts are much different than American arts. Their art involves much more creative pottery, masks, and paintings. Africa has a very interesting culture. Reasons being the people are very creative and like to express their individuality. The most diverse cultures in the world belong to Africa.There are more than 800 languages spoken in the continent of Africa. Most Africans speak two or three languages, their primary language, or mother-tongue, and a second or third language to communicate with people from other close by areas (Fetzer A-102).African languages are broken up into four individual categories Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, and Khosian. The most commonly heard two categories are Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan. Both of these groups can modify the meanings of words by the tone of the speakers voice. Niger-Congo languages are spoken of the people in West Africa, below the Sahara desert, Southern and Central Africa. Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken main ly in Central Africa. Afro-Asiatic languages are mainly spoken in Northern and Northeastern Africa. This group includes Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, and Arabic. Khoisan languages are spoken mostly in Southern Africa by Bushmen, members of traditionally roaming hunting people, and Hottentots, members of pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa. Khoisan languages are communicative through clicking sounds (Fetzer A-102).Some South Africans speak Afrikaans, a language that was developed from Dutch. Europeans in African speak Portuguese, French, and English (Fetzer A-102). English is becoming very recognized in the countries of Africa. The 1991 South African Census concluded that 45% of the people in South Africa have a speaking knowledge of English. It also concluded that 10% refer to English as their mother-tongue. The most common languages in South Africa are Xhosa, Tswana, Zulu, and Swahili (African Languages).Zulu is one of nine Bantu languages spoken in East South ern Africa. Approximately 8.8 million people speak t... ... language of Africans (African Individuality). Ceremonies are held when someone changes their social status and social relationship with those in the community. There are about six ceremonies in ones life. The first is their birth, the second is their maturity, third is their marriage, fourth is their child bearing, fifth is their elderliness, sixth is their death. Ceremonies are simply socially approved methods of participating in pleasurable events (African Individuality). Africans view body modifications as beauty. Body modifications, such as piercing, have been practiced in Africa for centuries. People there believe that one is not fully human and cannot be distinguished from animals if not pierced. Piercing is brought with royalty and portrays courage of a person (African Cultures Piercing).African cultures are different from any other culture in the world. The languages of Africa are unique in their own way. The arts of Africa are beautiful and different from any other arts in the world. African people are creative and like to express their individuality. Africa is a very original continent with lots of culture.

Free College Admissions Essays: Art is My Life :: College Admissions Essays

Art is My Life   From an early age I have always had a strong interest in art, and have been touch with it in some form all through my life. In year nine I realized that it was something that I might like to pursue as a career, I started taking it more seriously. The Chases art department encouraged me very well and helped me develop my art skills.   I am currently perusal Art at A-level and have had my work exhibited in a gallery and in local industry buildings as part of the Art in the Workplace scheme which is form by my college.  The piece of my artwork which was displayed, and used in a businesss workplace was a painting inspired by an Art Department trip to Italy.  In my spare time, I enjoy running my own comedy website with my friends, which has en suitabled me to learn good organizational skills.  Aside from art, I enjoy playing basketball with separate students from my college every Wednesday afternoon.  I have found this to be a welcome break fr om normal study, allowing me to exercise at the same time as relieving stress.     My correspond interest in art is more graphic/typography based, although I do enjoy all areas of art. I have been designing graphics on my calculators from a young age and have work published in national magazines. Not all the graphical work I do is computer based, I enjoy using traditional mediums in a clean graphical way, as I find it more satisfying working on a larger scale and producing something more real. My current course has helped me branch out more I have experimented in many disciplines successfully producing paintings, pastels and drawings, which I had never really developed fully before.   I have had two part-time jobs involving computer related work, in which I have been able to bring art influences into. When working for Retail Futures, an e-commerce company based in Malvern, I designed their corporate image, and websites for clients such as Coalport and Parcel Forc e. More tardily I have taken another job with a more technical slant, for another e-commerce firm, eplexus. I still do design work, in which I have designed websites and images for Highwaycode.com, and Anglo Digital a successful venture capitalist firm. Alongside my practical experience, I am also studying Computing at my current college, which aids me to learn the fundamentals of computer usage and programming, an area that I am interested in.

Free College Admissions Essays: Art is My Life :: College Admissions Essays

Art is My Life   From an early age I have always had a secure interest in finesse, and have been involved with it in some form all through my life. In year nine I realized that it was something that I might like to pursue as a career, I started taking it more seriously. The Chases art department encouraged me very well and helped me develop my art skills.   I am currently studying Art at A-level and have had my work exhibited in a gallery and in local industry buildings as part of the Art in the Workplace scheme which is organized by my college.  The piece of my artwork which was displayed, and used in a businesss workplace was a painting inspired by an Art Department trip to Italy.  In my spare time, I enjoy running my own comedy website with my friends, which has enabled me to learn good organizational skills.  Aside from art, I enjoy playing basketball with other students from my college every Wednesday afternoon.  I have found this to be a welcome break from normal study, allowing me to exercise at the same time as relieving stress.     My present interest in art is more graphic/typography based, although I do enjoy all areas of art. I have been designing graphics on my computers from a young age and have work published in national magazines. Not all the vivid work I do is computer based, I enjoy using traditional mediums in a clean graphical way, as I prevail it more satisfying working on a larger scale and producing something more real. My current course has helped me branch out more I have experimented in many disciplines successfully producing paintings, pastels and drawings, which I had never really developed fully before.   I have had two part-time jobs involving computer related to work, in which I have been able to bring art influences into. When working for Retail Futures, an e-commerce company based in Malvern, I designed their corporate image, and websites for clients such as Coalport and Parcel Fo rce. More recently I have taken another job with a more technical slant, for another e-commerce firm, eplexus. I serene do design work, in which I have designed websites and images for Highwaycode.com, and Anglo Digital a successful venture capitalist firm. Alongside my practical experience, I am also studying Computing at my current college, which aids me to learn the fundamentals of computer usage and programming, an area that I am interested in.

The Sexist Prejudices Affecting Women in the House on Mango Street

The Sexist Prejudices Affecting Women in The House on Mango Street In my essay I am going to write about the Mexican gender based prejudices and stereotypes which affect the women of Esperanzas neighborhood in Sandra Cisneross novel The House on Mango Street. I would deal to point out the lives of the main women characters and their dealing with the prejudices in e actuallyday occasions.Futhermore, I want to talk about Esperanza and her attitude towards the ring situation and also mention the historical background of the problem. From my point of view, the fact that the women deign from the Mexican community has essenti anyy influenced their lives. It has actually predetermined them in a way that the women are not able to set rid for the rest of their lives. During the novel the reader delivers to know some of the Mexican prejudices in relation to women which all the female characters have to face.The discriminatory prejudice is clear from having read few lines of the novel whe re Esperanza, the narrator, explains the meaning of her name with the connection to the Chinese signs of the zodiac, I think this is a Chinese lie because the Chinese, like the Mexicans, dont like their women strong (Cisneros 10). This tells the reader one(a) important fact. The Mexicans are proprietary towards their women and wives and they tries to take over the womens lives. It is very difficult for the women coming from the Mexican community to live their induce life themselves and to be independent of their social background.This observation is confirmed by Elizabeth Coonrod Martinez in her work on the relationships of women with men in the novels based on this phenomenon, women characters do not initiate events in their own lives instead they endure poverty and racial discrimination from the society at large and conquest under the men in their lives. They do not get to choose their spouses, and when they do pick a boyfriend, and get pregnant, they are considered bad girls. They do not have choice-before or after marriage (131). The author of the book gives a notion what the status of women in the Mexican community in the novel is.They are supposed to stay at kinfolk, preferably, behind a rolling pin (Cisneros 31). Moreover, many of the women are locked at home or cannot leave the house without their spouses permission. This fact is obvious at many times in the novel. At first, when Esperanza talks about her great- grandmother, she describes her as a char that had spent all her life on her elbows by the window. At this point, where Esperanza describes her great-grand mother, she also says something about herself, I dont want to inherit her place by the window (Cisneros 11).Later, this fact is emphasized by the narration of the woman called Rafaela, whose fulfilment of the life is to sit by the window. As the narrator reports, Rafaela, who is still young exclusively getting old from leaning out the window so much, gets locked indoors because her hu sband is afraid Rafaela willing run away since she is too beautiful to notion at (Cisneros 79). The women are regarded as the property of their husbands or their fathers, never independent. In my oppinion, the situation is even made worse by the fact that the protagonists are existing in the United States.The women maybe would have accepted this role if they had lived in Mexico, where they would not disclose any divergency in other womens lives. That is insufferable for them now, to fit in the community rules that are expected to be obeyed. Instead, some women pretend to be a part of the traditional society on the one hand, but on the other, they are more American than Mexican. This is the case of Sally, a young Mexican girl from the community of Chicanos, with a strict father and brought up in a very strict, religious and tradionally Mexican family. Sally who must obey her father and accept his way of life and who wants to be an American.For a clearer explanation, her conduct is described as follows, and why do you always have to go straight home after school? You become a different Sally. You leave your skirt straight, you rub the blue paint off your eyelids. You dont laugh, Sally. You look at our feet and walk fast to the house you cant come out from (Cisneros 82). This girl struggles with two different worlds but unfortunatelly, the vicious one for her wins. She becomes a part of the sad community of women who are locked at home and their middling now release is in their dreams.Sallys fate is deteriorated due to the relationship with her father, who strikes her because she is a girl and her father wants to take over her life, until the way Sally tells it, he just went crazy, he just forgot he was her father between the buckle and the belt. Youre not my daughter, youre not my daughter. And then he broke into his hands (Cisneros 93). The story about Sally is a typical example of the struggle. At the end, Sally gets married and her life turns out to be the same sad story. The narrator comments on this, Except he husband wont let her talk on the telephone.And he doesnt let her look out the window. And he doesnt like her friends, so nobody gets to visit her unless he is working. She sits at home because she is afraid to go outside without his permission (Cisneros 102). Sally, like the rest of the women characters, ends up in this smorgasbord of relationship with her husband, even if she had the opportunity to escape from her fate, because if she had been more determined in her struggle, she would have succeed. The narration about Sally is important in the novel because it shows Esperanzas feelings towards the sexist and racial prejudices she lives in.Esperanza, as the narrator, gives the personal outlook on the women from her surroundings. Esperanza is the exception of all the women characters in the novel. She is aware of the poor situation and even of a poorer shift from it. Esperanza is invalid by her Hispanic background and the familys modest financial means (Szadziuk 115). She observes the world around her and feels lonely in her feelings, nobody shares her thoughts, her ideas. She feels like the trees down the roadway and as she admits, four who do not belong here but are here. Four raggedy excuses planted by the city (Cisneros 74).Like a struggling tree, Esperanza copes with obstacles that would conquer her, and her inner strength will help her reach towards a better life. This young girl is the only women in the novel who is deeply determined to mixture her life, to set free and to be on her own. She might seem naive in her way of achieving it, Not a flat. Not an appartment in back. Not a mans house. Not a daddys. A house all my own (Cisneros 108). Nevertheless, the escape from it will not be as subdued as thought at first. Once is Esperanza told by her friend, when you leave you must remember to come back for the others.A circle, understand? You will always be Esperanza. You will always be Ma ngo Street. You cant forget who you are (Cisneros 105). The circle is closed and fulfilled. Even if Esperanza escapes, she will not be free of her background. In comparison with other women characters in the novel, Esperanza has the aver of her family, especially the support of her mother who encourages her and her siblings to be determined and to be strong in gaining their dream. The mothers support is based on her own life and unhappines, shame is a bad thing, you know. It keeps you down.You want to know why I quit school? Because I didnt have nice clothes. No clothes, but I had brains (Cisneros 91). Mother who suffered from discrimination is now resolved to protect her children from having a similar experience. Unfortunatelly, Esperanza experiences some oppression anyway and she describes it, Those who do not any better come into our neighborhood scared. They think were dangerous. They think we will attack them with shiny knives. They are stupid mess who are lost and got here by mistake (Cisneros 28). Little Esperanza learns about a hardship very early in her life.She does not understand it at first but afterwards she fully realizes what means the arrogant voice of nun who asks her where she lives. Esperanza, unaware of anything, points to her house. Just later she realizes how important for her is to escape from this social oppression and racial discrimination and longs for her own house, a house she would not be ashamed of, a house she could point to when someone aks where she lives. Futhermore, the women characters and all Mexican immigrants nutriment in the United States in general suffer from a particular feature typical of the immigrant community.Their poor situation is made worse by it. That is the homesickness. This is very difficult to explain because in this case it has a historical connection to 1848 when the former Mexican lands became American property and millions of Mexican citizens suddenly lived on American territory. For an illustratio n of this event Chicanos and Chicanas have always been in New Mexico, Texas, California, Colorado, Illinois and other North American states. The Gonzalezes, the Dominguezes, the Garcias, the Fernandezes have lived in these states ever since they can remember.Their great, great grandmother had a house in San Antonio, or in San Diego, or in Sante Fe, long before 1836 and 1848 when these territories became American. (Poniatowska 39) From the citation of Elena Poniatowska it is obvious that the Mexicans are not initially prudent for the problems of the Mexican community in the United States nowadays. They miss their native country so they try to compensate the sorrow for living more culturally Jewish-Orthodox life abroad. In the novel, the problem of homesickness is portrayed mainly in the story of Mamacita, a mother of one of the inhabitants of Mango Street.Even if she is not a one of the posterity of the immigrant family but actually a Mexican citizen, Mamacita comes to Mango Stree t to live with her son, who sees his future in reaching the American dream. As she does not speak English, the difference between the Mexican and the American culture is much more visible. Mamacita represents the old, initial kind of immigrants, who long for going back to their native country whereas her son presents the young, Americanized tribe of the Mexican community. Two different worlds which can never be united.The reader learns more about it through the eyes of Esperanza, as she reports, She sits all day by the window and plays the Spanish radio show and sings all the homesick songs about her country in a voice that sounds like a seagull (Cisneros 77). Mamacita is slow to adjust and wants to go back to her native Mexico even if life can be harder and poorer there. Esperanza continues, Ay, she says, she is sad. Oh he says, Not again. Cuando, cuando, cuando? She asks. Ay, caray We are are home. This is home. Here I am and here I stay. Speak English.Speak English. Christ (Cis neros 78). Mamacita and her son are examples of eternal fight for the unity of two different worlds which can never link up the gap between each other. In conlusion, the racial, gender based and social prejudices in the Mexican community in the novel are very essential. In every story the reader may see the stereotypes which affect the protagonists. Each of them deals with it differently but with the same result. They are not able to set themselves free from their social background and their origin pursues them all their life.Nonetheless, some of the women characters chose this way of living from their own choice, voluntarily. Specifically, the words of Elena Poniatowska point this out, To say that Mexico abandoned its people would not be false, because Mexico abandons all poor Mexicans. The poor choose the American dream and the American way of life on the other side of the border, because they dont see a future for themselves in their own country (Poniatowska 41). Whether the immi grants have chosen to live on the margin of society in the foreign country of own accord or not, their cultural heritage follows them all the time.Works Cited Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York Vintage, 1984. Martinez, Elizabeth Coonrod. Crossing Gender Borders Sexual Relations and Chicana Artistic Identity. Melus 27. 1 (2002) 131-50. < http//lion. chadwyck. co. uk> Poniatowska, Elena. Mexicanas and Chicanas. Melus 21. 3 (1996) 35-42. Szadziuk, Maria. Culture as Transition Becoming a Woman in Bi-Ethnic Space. Mosaic 32. 3 (1999) 109-30. < http//lion. chadwyck. co. uk>

British Imperialism in South East Asia

For along period, up to the late 20th century, many of the European nations had vast interest in many of the Asian and African countries. This made them to colonize these countries so as to get whatever they wanted. Almost all(a) of the African and Asian countries became colonies of the western countries. The to a hugeer extent a country was perceived to have got many resources, the higher the scramble for that country was. Britain is one of the countries that had majority colonies in both the African and the Asian continent. India happened to be just one of these colonies.The colonists come along with their way of doing things thus impacting on the natives way of handling the same issues. In essence, most of the colonies wanted to see that they changed their colonies to comport in the manner that will be beneficial to them. In India, the Britishs interest was experienced during the dec describe time of Mughal Empire (http//www. indianchild. com/history_of_india. htm para 8). It al l started as mere commercial activities between the two nations. There was a breakup in the expression of the Mughal Empire which resulted to the rising of dispute among the princess.This was a great advantage to the British as they did step in to settle the dispute. In the process, the British Empire started gaining much enamour (Martin, pp 213). During the first global war that was fought in Europe and North America for seven years, it saw the British and the French come into a big fight in which the British won. Many of the Indians were recruited in the well paying British army. In the end, it emerged that India became the key source for Britains raw material and a market for finished goods (Siegel & Kennedy pp 98). British Colonialism in IndiaWhen the British entered the Indian colony, they formed a society that was stratified having the Britons occupying the highest position in the society. In the Indian schools, it emerged that the language of communication was straight off English. Many scholars of the British regulation in India have noted that despite the heavy presence of the Britons in India, their presence was insignificant. The British used the tactic of divide and rule very well, and more(prenominal) importantly the psychological indoctrination of the Indians who had undergone through the education trunk of the British.These were the people who became the model British subject. the British used the English-educated Indians to absorb values about what they wanted , and this compete a significant role in helping the Britons loot most of what they wanted from India, in terms of physical wealth and labor (http//india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm para 1). accord to the Britons plan, they wanted to have a person who was Indian in blood and color, but with an English taste, language and intellect. It meant therefore that the Britons had to decide on what the Indians were going to pack in schools and the mode of learning.For the British to succeed in its mission, they did set the learned Indians against their fellows by proclaiming that they were following a very bad tradition, and it was only the Britishs tradition that was good. These intellects were used to stress the negative impact of the Indians tradition. The Indians were made to believe that they were conservative people who lacked national concept or history. On the other hand, the British were considered as modern and scientific oriented. With their unique organizational skills and energetic zeal, they would raise India from the morass of casteism and religious bigotry.These and other such ideas were repeatedly filled in the minds of the new-sprung(prenominal) Indians who received instruction in the British schools,(http//india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm para 4). There was need to facilitate transport and communication between the colony and the colonials. Hence the colonials constructed the railway line to facilitate transportation of the t roops, raw materials and finished goods. There was as well telegraph lines to ease communication. However, the Britons did not take any step to see that the Indians learnt the new technology (Webster pp 186).The Indian soldiers rebelled against the British in 1857 causing the British to tighten its rule against India (Martin, pp 213). the rebellion of the soldiers occurred when the British empire introduced new cartridges that required the soldiers to tear them asunder using their teeth. The cartridges were lubricated using animal fat, and this offended especially the Muslims whom their religion did not allow them to use pork or its products, while the Hindus were against the use of cattle fat for greasing.The rebellion was put down in 1858, but already several of the Britons had been killed males, females and children. There were establishment of schools and universities by the Americans and the Britons in India that provided an education system that advocated for a strong nation alist sentiment. In 1885, they founded the Indian National Congress, which promoted a greater role for Indians in their countrys government. The new organization also sought harmony among Indians of divers(a) religion and social groups, (Martin pp 213).There are many other influences in the Indian cultures that can be directly linked to the British rule in India. For instance, the Indians were not known for using surnames. However, with the coming and the ruling of the Britons, the Indians adopted the use of surnames. As Kolhatkar argues, Surnames were not in use in India in ancient times and to the highest degree till the end of the first millennium CE. Thousands of names are known from Sanskrit/Prakrit texts, rock-cut inscriptions, copper plates, coins etc. They are almost always single names, (para 3).However, it is now an occasion that in India, you come across the name of the child alongside that of the parent. The use of the surname became as a mark of respect for the parent . It is because of the British rule that the use of the surname became advent. It could be argued that these was because of the fact that the Britons wanted to make the work of administration much easier by having a system that was more clarity in identifying individuals and the facility of documentation and reading created by the widening use of the printing press.Thus came into being the current method of the individuals name, fathers name and the surname,(Kolhatkar para 6). Therefore, looking at the influence Britain had in India, it can be concluded that it is true to note that these influences spilled all over the world especially the other Britains colonies. The use of surname, the British system of education, trade and language are all over the world. Reference Kolhatkar, A. Indian surnames and the British influence, 29 Jul 2004, Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http//archiver. rootsweb. ancestry. com/th/read/INDIA/2004-07/1091137759Martin, P. basketball team Steps To A 5, IS BN 0071437142 McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004 explanation of India, 2004, Retrieved on 13th May 2008 http//www. indianchild. com/history_of_india. htm Siegel J & Kennedy P. Endgame Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia, ISBN 1850433712 I. B. Tauris, 2002 SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY History of British Rule and Colonization in India, 2001 Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http//india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm Webster A. Gentlemen Capitalists British Imperialism in South East Asia, 1770-1890, ISBN 1860641717 I. B. Tauris, 1998

How the Elderly Is Affected by New Technology

Essay HOW THE ELDERLY IS AFFECTED BY NEW TECHNOLOGY by V. Young Most of the elderly grandparents share frustration with new technology. They have grown up in a time when everything around them was produced, developed, or managed without the expend of gadgets and gimmicks propelled by technology. Their generation was mostly hands-on era this generation is hands-off. Everyday tasks leads to frustration. When doing the laundry, there are buttons to press to get it done. The television is powered by direct tv/cable with 300-500 stations.The ceiling lights, sprinkler system, heating and parentage conditioner is a delicate system that requires skill to work it. Driving the car and making repairs is a tremendous task when all its working parts is generated by a complicated electronic system. The elderly sees technology as an unwelcome change just to make phone calls. They see these small, voice activated, cordless, hand held devices, with earn/numbers too small and general operations is a headache, even with the use of a magnifying glass. Most appliances are remote controlled by voice or touch. Even push a button and your coffee is made.Most elderly people lack the education in technology to be able to redeem up with this rapid pace. Whats worse is that they dont see how they fit into this technological world. When visiting doctors, attorneys, and other specialized personnel, the elderly whitethorn not be able to go through the terminology in these various fields. Visits are short, providing too much information to absorbed at once. Knowledge and use of computers could be an effective tool, if they had the skills necessary to use it. Society seems to ignore the elderly, forgetting that many have paved the steering for this technological advancement.Elderly individuals are usually on a fixed income. Many recognise alone, often depending on trustworthy, skilled laborers to repair everyday household items. However, it can prove to be costly, stressful, with a sen se of vulnerability, when hiring someone. This generation of young people may not understand the complex nature of technology placed on the elderly. Every senior citizen should be given an opportunity to learn the new way of life. The challenge of knowing technology gets greater, as new and innovative technology emerges each day.

Analysis on the Shift of Business Strategy for Ge Into the 21st Century Essay

Question 1 In what ways has Jeff Immelt redirected the scheme of GE? In 2001, shortly after Jeff Immelt became the CEO of GE, a series of events changed and impacted the corporate landscape. The immediate ch anyenges that he faced included 9/11, and a subsequent series of high profile corporate scandals (Enron, WorldCom). In 2008, the financial crisis hit and had a severe impact on GEs primary ontogeny source, GE Capital causing it to accumulate negative debts and asset write-downs. These events caused slow domestic economic ingathering, crisis of confidence among investors and more orbiculate competitors.Due to the change in environs and the need to adapt Immelt shifted the heighten of GE from cost cutting and deal making to refreshed products, services and markets. He pointly focused on redirecting the strategy of GE through with(predicate) organic growth, guest focus, and transmutation. In 2002, Immelt committed GE to an organic growth rate of 8% per year. He identifi ed a number of emerging global trends the ageing population, the motivation for sustain able-bodied energy, the necessity of improved infra expression, and opportunities in the emerging markets.He aimed to create value for customers by leveraging GEs core competencies particularly in advanced engineering and related service by delivering superior, customized products and services to high-growth markets. A core comp mavennt of his growth strategy was to create new ontogeny platforms which could be either extensions of the existing headachees or full new commercial argonas. Through identifying a new growth platform, it would then be executed through a series of divestments and strategic acquisitions in sectors with high growth potential.Technology was seen to be a key driver of GEs future growth which lead to the launch of Imagination breakthrough. New technologies were seen as an essential ingredient to successful product innovation and quality improvement. GE expanded its resea rch and development capabilities and support them with adequate financial backing. Another vital part of Immelts growth strategy has been the implementation of the Customer Focus initiative. This lead to the revitalization of GEs marketing function intimately notably through the creation of GEs Commercial Council and a number of customer-oriented programs.Through this customer focus onomatopoeical it became one of Immelts value creation strategies exploit linkages across GEs many companies. His efforts started off with product bundling and cross selling, which eventually direct to green light selling. This meant seeking out customers that would benefit from GEs large portfolio of creasees and deliver highly customized solutions. The strategic focus was on creating differentiation advantage through innovative product-service bundles and enhanced customer focusQuestion 2 To what extent is this strategy well aligned a) with the requirements of 21st century championship environm ent Jeff Immelt took oer the reins of cosmopolitan Electric at the end of an Era where the Market economy was buzzing with optimism, confidence and growth, and was now heading into a downturn. This shift in the melodic phrase environment and economic instability instigated a crucial issue for Immelt, which was to identify the likely sources of profit for the future. Under Jack Welch the potential for value creation through cost reduction and the elimination of under performing assets had mostly been completely utilized.So from Immelts view, in the current Market situation, the primary driver of growth was going to be organic growth. With the poor state that the world economy was in, the central challenge for Immelt was going to be identifying where the most promising opportunities for profitable growth would lie. He identified a number of key significant emerging global trendsthe ageing population, the conflicting forces of growing energy demand and concerns over global warming, t he advent of biosciences in conjunction with global warming and nanotechnology, and new commercial opportunities in the emerging markets.In order for GE to position itself for stronger growth in the changing business environment, Immelt saw the need to exit form slow growth business, and reallocate its resources where growth prospects were strong, taking advantage of the emerging global trends. At the heart of Immelts growth strategy for General Electrics was the development of new Growth Platforms, which could be either extensions of the existing businesses or entire new commercial areas. Even though Immelts core focus was on organic growth, repositioning to take advantage of the emerging market trends and opportunities would require acquisition. thusly once a new Growth Platform was identified, GE would build a leading position in those sectors through small strategic acquisitions and the deployment of its financial, good and managerial resources. GE was entering a new generatio nal era, one where technology is at the forefront of growth and adaptation. Immelt identified Technology as one of GEs major drivers for future growth which was signaled by his expansion of GEs R&D budgets. He shifted the importance of Technology inwardly GE by focusing on the R&D projects that offered large scale market potential, reffered to as Imagination breakthroughs.Within this new business environment that GE was facing, customers needs, wants and expectations of what products can offer them is forever changing. Immelt saw and understood this from the amount of clip spent with customers, and implemented this idea within GE through the IT design process becoming increasely customer focused. One of the most important outcomes of GEs enhanced customer focus would be the ability to break out meet the customers needs through bundling products with support and technology services, and combine product and service offerings from different businesses (Enterprise selling) to enhanc e customer value.Also by increasing customer orientated products, this would also help GE to increase its success in international markets by involving more local product development and fierceness on truly aligning products and services to meet local market needs. (b) GEs resources and capabilities The backbone GEs success over time has been its ability to combine massive size with constant adaptation. Over the decades GE has successfully adapted both its business portfolio and its management systems to the demands and opportunities of the ever-changing business Environment.GEs success in innovation has been built on the back of their ability to nurture ideas and innovations, and expertly managing and formulate them into successful investments. This is clearly shown through General Electrics Imagination breakthroughs through Immelt. These imagination breakthroughs are promising technological R&D projects, that have the potential to create $100 jillion in sales over three years. I mmelts emphasis on technology reflected his belief and the Belief intrinsic to GE which is that the primary driver of sales is nifty products.Immelts assessment of emerging global trends and his strategic direction demonstrate his understanding of the external opportunities and threats, and internal strengths and weaknesses. Technical leadership has proved to be not only a source of GEs competitive advantage but it is also an important barrier to entry. For example, GE is the only US-based company with all the necessary capabilities to build a nuclear power plant. This is an example of General Electrics ability to marry Industrial and technological R&D to a business system capable of turning scientific and technological discoveries into marketable products.Question 3 What organizational changes has the new strategy necessitated? depart GE be able to successfully execute the strategy? Through placing greater emphasis on customer focus, organic growth and innovation, GEs systems and coordinate must be realigned to better manage the complex situation of diversified businesses and to maintain its efficiency and instruction execution. Immelts focus on greater cross integration, new growth platforms and attempt selling lead to a major structural change in 2002.GE divisions were reorganized into a smaller number of broad based sectors. By 2008, thither were 5 sectors and each of them focused on broad markets, in which they had a scale, market leadership, and superior customer offerings. GEs 5 broad markets were technology, infrastructure, industrial and commercial, GE cap, healthcare and NBC Universal. Through regrouping the various businesses into their markets it would be easier to identify the various connections between the businesses.Becoming a more customer focus business had a huge impact on the organization it led to the revitalization of GEs marketing function. A number of customer orientated programs were created, most notably GEs Commercial Council. The key initiative of the six part growth process in terms of marketing and sales were introduced, there were increasingly many metrics driven analysis on customer satisfaction and attitudes. This whole phase of becoming a customer focus business instead of an operating efficient one demanded the managers to become less of an operator and more of a marketer.Immelts reshaping of GEs Business portfolio, through Growth platforms, required acquisition. Developing these opportunities required high levels of coordination across multiple organizational units. This further increased the organizational complexity of GE, and great difficulty in performance management as it was hard linking individual incentives to individuals organizational performance hard to implement. Other issues arose through the organizational changes necessitated through the new strategy. Immelt had changed the rganizational structure to further integrate the different businesses, however this lead to a complex coordin ation problem as they have gone beyond cross selling to attempt selling.Also through placing heavy emphasis on customer focus this caused the sales and marketing department to put less focus on particular business and just look at opportunities that they can exploit this can be seen from the example of GE medical systems. Through constantly acquiring new businesses to further fuel growth in technology and the energy sector this has made the organizational structure even more complex.Focussing on customers and enterprise selling requires a simple structure. It can be seen that if Immelt wants to successfully implement his strategies he needs to find a solution to change the organizational structure to mitigate the complexity of it, while being able to acquire new businesses for growth. Whether Immelt can execute these strategies due to these organizational issues are discussed in the further sections of this essay. Will Immelts strategy be successful? Are there alternatives corporate strategies that GE should consider break up in particular?We believe that Immelts strategy entrust be successful and recommend that he continue to pursue his strategy of greater emphasis on technology, customer focus and increased integration. In order for this to happen in the context of the economic situation of the 21st century, we feel that it is important for GEs emphasis to be shifted to risk-taking, sophisticated management, and innovation in order to deliver new products and services, and to penetrate new markets Immelt should continue to divest companies of low profit, growth and returns, and focus on those whose are aligned with their competencies are as a future possible growth platform.To reduce organizational complexity GE should also introduce competitive based pay which will link to all levels of employers from base workers to managers. This is to encourage collaboration through all levels of the employment ladder both vertically and horizontally. The success of Im melts strategy of have innovation and efficiency in a fast-moving business environment will allow GE to capitalize on the demands and opportunities of a changing world. Thus, GE will play a leadership role as it sets the trend for the conglomerate business model to maintain its relevance.Breaking up GE There are several advantages in breaking up GE. GE will be able to focus on innovation and reinvest back on innovation and technology through the funds acquired from selling some of their businesses. There is also no need for having a complex organizational structure if GE would only focus on one segment of their business. The source of competitive advantage for GE is integration of business in its portfolio. GE Capital contributes 32% of total tax taxation. This is a stable source of revenue for GE.Spinning it off the business portfolio will reduce the funding for other GE initiatives. By doing so, they will not be able to address the challenges facing the business environment in the future. This proved as a disadvantage as it will alter the competitive mountain chain of the company and will ultimately endure their capability to compete in global markets. GE should not break up as it will lose its core competencies and wont be able to compete and enjoy the current market position that they are in.Focusing On Technology and push buttonBased on 2010 GE annual report, technology and energy infrastructure has the highest profit and revenue contribution for GE. This is the main focus of their business today. Although GE capital is not as profitable as before, it still contributes 32% of the total GE revenue. Overall, it is still growing from the period of 2009 2011. While GE Capital revenue does not contribute as the main source of contribution in both revenue and profit of GE, it is essential as a source of revenue to pursuit and invests in innovation that drives the Energy and Technology Infrastructure sector of GE.

Describe the functions Essay

Received assignment which is to pass element 3. 1 all PCs. My initial task is to Gather all relevant information on the prefatory selective information body mental synthesiss for fund and retrieval. I will re re explore through lecture notes and the books BTEC Information Techno lumbery, BTEC in Computing, blame anatomical structures theory and practice, as well as to search through the CD read-only storage Groliers Encyclopaedia. Take notes on any relevant Information 9/5/95 11/5/95 query information on the way that Basic data structures argon analysed for different screenings. Research through above books and CD ROMs and take relevant notes.11/5/95 13/5/95 Find out about synthetic and carnal file organisation, with regards to PC3 Element 6. 1 of the log book. Take notes on relevant Information. 13/5/95 15/5/95 16/5/95 18/5/95 Research information using methods as above with regards to how the physical file organisation is analysed in relation to different media, PC4. Make notes Research information to cover PC 5, which needs me to explain view and addition methods. Use literature as above 19/5/95 discussion process depression draft, and take to tutor for beginning review After outcome of archetypal review take tutors advice accordingly.20/5/95 Check work to feel if any important facts suffer been omitted, ask Tutor for a second review. After outcome of second review finalise any missing facts. Word process final draft, check the work for mistakes and hand in finished report for 1/6/95 Nicky Wilson GNVQ Advanced IT Investigate data structure for storage and Retrieval Element 6. 1 Introduction The report will analyse basic data structures for different applications and physical file organisation in relation to different media.The report will also explain basic data structure for storage and retrieval, logical and physical file organisation and location and access methods. A data structure is essentially a number of data items, also called elements or clients with some relationship linking them together. Each item consists of wizard or more come acrossd parts called fields occupying one(a) or more depot locations in the computer.For instance a list of numbers occupying consecutive retention locations in a computer is a simple data structure. Array This is an ordering of the data elements so that the data is able to be extracted in a logical fashion, shown below is a diagram showing an example of this 1 6 9 3 Dim x (3) Index value 7 4 4 1 Dim y (3) Index value Dim x (3,3) Index value 9 2 6 7 Dim y (3,3,3) Index value Stack The stack is a data structure chacterized by the expression LIFO = Last in commencement ceremony out this means that most recent item added to the stack is the first one which base be removed from the stack.A stack pointer is single-valued function to keep track of the last item added to the stack, which is the current top of the stack. Stacks are frequently used for data temporary storage. One common application of stacks is for storing return addresses (link determine) for closed routines. TOP SP BOTTOM A stack only has two operations PUSH Add an item POP pack the top item.FULL & EMPTY Stack pointer It burn down define maximum values only one end used. Queue The data structure known as a queue has the alike(p) characteristics as the queues that we encounter in e trulyday life. A queue in a data structure in which elements are added only at the rear of the list and removed only from the front of the list. A queue structure is often given the name FIFO which stands for first In first out. Data in what we call a queue is not moved along like people in a cinema queue, instead each datum stays in its storage location until its turn comes, thereby reducing time spent in data movement.The use of pointers halts this possible. FRONT BACK JOIN HERE Take items from the front, add items to the end. List Lists provide a tensile way of handling data items in order. Changes to the order nates be achieved with minimal data movement and little loss of storage space These can be ordered can contain N 0 items, each data is an element, 3, 4, 41, 62, 79, 8, 11 or FRED, JIM, ANDY, CHRIS, SID. Tree The corner structure is an Hierarchical structure, the term tree refers to a non analogue data structure in which nodes have two or more pointers to other nodes forming an hierarchical structure.The top node is called the root node The bottom node are called leaf (Terminal nodes) and the nodes are connected by branches. Shown below is an example of a tree structure showing how a book of account in a employee file may have the structure shown below. Works Number Name County Sex Post Holidays Status Nationty phone Street Town progress Service Dept Years Salary Entitmnt warehousing & Retrieval For example in a banking organisation, the information that must be recorded could be information on a customers checking or savings account, on loan applications, about em ployees of banking institutions etc. Dueto the four parts of information, each part is related to as a file, so the banking organisation must record the information in four separate file shown below. Checking Savings Loan Employee Accounts Accounts Applications File File File File Records Are a collection of related fields, an example to show this could be a record of an accounts file, which contains four fields. Illustrated below is a diagram showing this. broadside NAME ADDRESS BALANCE 9783 59 -812 JOE BLOGGS BLOGGS AVENUE 1000. 89 Files Logical is referred to as the external view of the file a logical file is nix more than a collection of all logical data. Media Access File storage media is of two main types, Serial access and direct access, below is a short explanation of the two.Serial Access media This means that in order to access a particular record, it is necessary to read all records which precede it in the relevant file. An example of this storage medium is in normal c assette tape. A difficulty with this storage media is that there are no readily identifiable physical access areas on the medium which can be addressed, it is non addressable. Thus to look for an undivided record the software needs to examine eachreco rd key field, in age from the start of the file until the required record is found. Direct access mediaThis allows direct access to a particular record, for example floppy or Hard drives. They have physical divisions which can be identified by computer software, as well as hardware, and can be addressable so that particular locations can be referred to by name or mark, to retrieve a record which is shared at the location. Basic data structures are analysed for different applications Input / take Queuing and spooling Computer and printer everytime you print work out in room 107 YCC you go into a queue, it stores theinformation and prints it out in the order it went in. Queuing information uses first in first out. If it was more adva nced, for example you needed to have certain priorities for printing ( small files first) to make the system more efficient you would need to use a list structure. Spooling is the other way round, putting things together ready to go out. It would be possible to use a queue data structure. Storage (tables, declarations, files, databases) Table for example containing storage devices. TABLE 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 Two dimensional, one column specifies, and one column specifies the row.Stored in a two dimensional take off structure. Files are made up by a number of logical records. 1 Dimensional array Dimensional array Field Record Record Record Record Record Problem must contain the same type of information Each box of array can only store the same type of Information Retrieval All structure storage and retrieval vary from structure to structure. It may use a tree, to extract information from a tree the name given is traversing the tree or tree walking, for simplicity we will use binary tre es. The reason for this is that each node can only have two branches. Left Subtree invitee Right Subtree A B C D E F G.Inorder Traversal Traverse the left subtree, visit the node. Traverse the right subtree. = DBEEAFCG Preorder Traversal Start at Node A Traverse the left Subtree. = ABDECFG Post Order Traversal Traverse the left Traverse the right Return to the Root. (Node) = DEBFGCA. Searching For searching list and array structures. Compilation is the process of translating a High level language into machine code (Basic, Pascal, FORTRAN) There are 3 main steps Lexical phrase structure Analysis Data structures is what we are interested in Code generation Lexical analysis This involves breaking the input to the compiler into chunks, also known as tokens.Syntax Analysis This involves checking whether the input tokens form valid sentences when put together. This process is known as parsing. The second process of syntax analysis involves determining the values of arithmetic expression s. Code Generation The final stage of the compilation process, where the machine code is generated. Methods of Syntax Analysis Parse trees can be used to prize whether a statement has the correct syntax.Customer 27 Customer 6 Customer 33 Customer 49 Sequential access files These are the files where the records are stored one after another in a predetermined order. This is usually around the key field, when files of data are created you need a means of access to a particular record within those files. This is done by giving each record a key field by which the record can be recognised or identified. Examples of key fields could be Customer number in a customer ledger record Stock code number in a stock record Employee clock number in a payroll record Customer 10 Customer 26 Customer 34 Customer 47.Indexed sequential file Records are stored in a date like sequential, the important difference is that an index is provided to enable individual records to be located. Strictly speaking t he records may not always be stored in sequence but the index will always enable the sequence to be determined. Illustrated below is an example of an indexed sequential file. 1 INDEX 2 3 1 . . 10 . 10 11 20 12 . . . 20 21 22 Random access file structure This allows the ability to retrieve a record without having to read all the records that appear before it in the file. it allows fast access to records it is ideally suited for Interactive systems.Physical file organisation is analysed to different media Magnetic tape. Because of the physical characteristics of magnetic tape it is necessary when touch a file that the tape unit starts to read the tape unit at the beginning of the tape. Magnetic tape is a low cost advanced storage capacity device, its advantages are that it is very cheap. Files can be organised two ways serial and sequentially. Shown below is a diagram showing how a file is arranged on tape both logically and physically. Block or physical record File I I header R1 R2 R3 R4 B R5 R6 R7 B R9 R10 R11 R12 label G G Logical Records Inter Block Gap.Magnetic Disk Magnetic disk provides storage facilities far more flexible than magnetic tape. The surface of the disk is divided into physical locations. It is a direct access medium. Magnetic disk supports the following file organisation methods Serial, Sequential. CD ROM Uses tracks to store the data on, the tracks are very close together . They have a mass storage capacity, they can hold about 600Mb of information and are direct access medium. Latest CDs now allow you to put information on and keep adding to it.RAM Random access memory is Electrical memory, it is a temporary store for holding programs and data that has either been put into the computer from either disk, typed at the keyboard or input from some other device. This type of memory is called volatile memory that means that the contents of main memory can be destroyed, either by been overwritten or when the machine is switched off. It is dire ct access and very fast access, it has a limited capacity and is relatively expensive. Location and access methods are explained serial sequential orderThe lowest value is at the top, and the highest at the bottom. You would start at the beginning and work your way, the advantage of using this way is if for instance if you wanted to find number 29, if by the time it gets to number 34 the value is not found, the search will be terminated immediately. If it wasnt sequential you would have to go through the entire list.4 13 26 34 If number 29 is not found by here, search will be stopped 97 102 Serial search Using a serial search you would go through the files in each order, look through data items one at a time, from the start of the data structure to the end. This can be a very inefficient type of search because all of the data items must be examined unless the data is ordered. This is the only type of search that can be used with unordered information.Serial record search This means that in order to identify and retrieve a particular record it is necessary to read all the records which precede it in the relevant file, until the file you require is found RECORD 1 RECORD 2 RECORD 3 RECORD 4 Evaluation I am happy with the outcome of the assignment, I feel that I have covered the criteria and the range that was required. The way I approached the assignment was as such, first of all I researched Information from the books Information Technology by Roger Carter, BTEC Computer Studies, Information Processing BTEC, A level BTEC and first degree computing.The next process was to decide which way, was the best way to try and cover the PCs and ranges for the unit were covered. Eventually I reached the conclusion that it would be easier for me to work through the PCs in the order that they appear in the log book. Thus starting with PC1. The other way I thought of approaching the assignment was to start by doing PC1 first but to try and bring in other elements of the ranges in accordingly. The reason why I opted out of doing it this way was because I thought that it would make it more difficult. The way that I tried to checked the validity of the Information was by, trying to compare theinformation that I had it with the different books and CD ROMs to see if it was correct. This way proved hard. In my opinion it is hard to judge the validity of the information for this assignment, because certain areas relating to this subject is hard to find a immense range of Information on. I have not done the work as instructed on my action plan, I have had reviews by tutor sooner than stated in my action plan, the reason for this is because I have other assignments that need completing. If any criticism is to be applied to my work, I feel that I have not gone into depth with certain parts of the assignment, but elaborated too much on other areas.Bibliography Books and CD ROMs Used Computer Studies for BTEC (3rd Edition) Geoffrey Knott, Nick Waites, Paul Callagh an, tin can Ellison. Business Education Publisher ltd. 1993 Information Processing for BTEC 2nd Edition Geoffrey Knott, Nick Waites, Paul Callaghan, John Ellison. Business Education Publisher ltd. 1990. A level, BTEC & first degree Computing by Nick Waites, Geoffrey Knott. Business Education Publishers Limited 1992 Information Technology by Roger Carter, first published 1991, reprinted 1992. Encarta encyclopaedia, Times, Guardian, Groliers Encyclopaedia (CD ROMS).

Why True Innovators Must Behave Like Entrepreneurs

According to the author, personal enterprisership is the lineage leader of a person to trade in goods and service for the purposes of creating wealth for the individual, period personal universe is the ability to generate new ideas for the purpose of creating new or improved products or services.The author further argued that organizational entrepreneurship is the knack of the registered business to exchange its goods and services for the purpose of generating profits, while organizational innovation is the knack of a registered many to come up with new products and services for improved delivery of products and services to its customers. The both complement each other and lowlife never be separated if the business is to thrive as well as remaining competitively advantage.You kitty have business ideas but if you cannot improve on them sooner or later you will find yourselves beaten down and out of business while it is good to have new and brilliant ideas but if you cannot tra de them then you are also out of business. In his research Hunter. (2012) argued that the concept of locus of authority has some level of influence with people who are entrepreneurs in that, people with the internal locus of control will take charge and believe they can turn around the environment while people with external locus of control dont take charge and believe they do not have the ability to turn around the environment around them.Hunter. (2012) further argued that entrepreneurs belong to the group of people with internal locus of control. According to the study done by the Harvard business review titled Can startups help turn the tide? When times are very difficult with very few jobs, people are hale to become innovative and entrepreneurs. The article revealed that successful businesses such as IBM, Disney and Microsoft where birthed during world economic meltdown. It was during these hard times when entrepreneurs and innovators like Bill Gates took up the contend to s tart up their businesses.Implications of the Relationship for Individuals and Organizations From the Leadership perspective the author evaluation of his leadership style and capabilities showed that he is subject to provide direction for his team effectively of which an entrepreneur or somebody leading a business requires in order o take the organization forward. The authors score on fostering teamwork was low an feature which poses danger to the business because entrepreneurship and innovation flourish so much on the efforts which are generated by teams.This means that the author will not be able to embrace and nurture the input and innovative ideas which will come from the team members hence affecting the organization at large. According to the top boss for Amazon. Com Bozos, on that point is a strong link between individuals and the growth of their organizations in that the success is dependent on the big stakes the employees make which is the driver to overcome the hurdle (D yer. , Greenest. , & Christensen 2009).The authors leadership assessment score on Acting with Integrity was impressive. Impact on Personal Approach to Risk Taking According to grocerying calendar week article entitled Why true innovators must behave like entrepreneurs Having a belief in your ability to make a difference is a crucial step towards leaving an indelible mark on your business. The author score under leading courageously was fairly good an indication which demonstrate that he is capable of making tough decisions even when times are hard in business.An entrepreneur must be ready to take a try by embracing innovative ideas and be ready to take on new products in the face of competition on the market. In their study Dyer. , Greenest. , & Christensen. (2009) detect that great innovators of our time Apples Steve Jobs, Amazons Jeff Bozo and Keep expounder Nikolas Sonnetsm are enthusiastically willing to make a difference from the way things and frequently take risks to dra w change.Further the results under championing change was also not good enough meaning that the author has an element of resistance to change which is a recipe for failure in cuisines because an entrepreneur must be ready to embrace and deal with changes on the market due to innovation which brings about new and sophisticated products on the market thereby threatening the existence of the business if the business leader is unable to champion the change. Reflection of Personal Strength on Relationship between fundament and Entrepreneurship Dyer, Greenest, & Christensen. 2009) argued that Innovators rely on their courage to innovate, an active bias against the status quo and an unflinching willingness to take risks to transform ideas into rueful impact. It was interesting enough to see the authors mettlesome score in coaching and developing people a personal strength which builds relationships and an ingredient which fosters trust and growth in business because when you invest in pe ople, they become engaged in innovation and entrepreneurship as well as identifying themselves with the organization.According to Core, & Chokes. (2012) fear has been the major reason why many people have not been able to demonstrate their inner strengths because they feel it is not possible for them to succeed. The author argues hat fear has direct influence on the personal strength in relation to innovation and entrepreneurship.

Othello †Paper Assignment Essay

A desire for revenge can overcome a person and have great detrimental set up. This is especially true in the play Othello by William Shakespeare. The play takes place in a time of war between Italy and Turkey. The play begins in Ve smooth, Italy precisely so shifts to the island of Cyprus for the remainder of the play. In the play, the main antagonist Iago was not chosen for a position of lieutenancy by his general, Othello. Othello had chosen a man named Cassio over Iago. Iago, beingness very envious of Othello and Cassio, plots a plan for revenge.Early on in the play, we find that Othello has complications in his marriage to Desdemona. Othello and Desdemona are seen as opposites in which Desdemona is an innocent, sweet, high class white woman, while Othello is a tough, ugly, and black war general. Iago, using this knowledge, begins to plot his revenge. Iago says, I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets has done my office. I know not ift be true, but I, fo r mere suspicion in that kind, will do as if for surety (Act 1, iii, 429-433).Iago, in this quote, suggests that a rumor most Othello sleeping with his wife may not be true, but he will pretend it is in pitch to better his plot for revenge. Iagos first step in the plan was to jeopardize Othellos relationship by telling Brabantio, Desdemonas father, about their marriage. Othello claims he will not hide because he has nothing to be afraid of and study Iago if he agrees. Iago says, By Janus, I think no (Act 1, ii, 38). Iago alludes to the Greek god Janus that supposedly had two faces. This is an example of dramatic-irony because the audience knows that Iago himself is two-faced since he pretends to be nice but in actuality is trying to get revenge Othello is also unaware of Iagos other motives.Iago, in his plot for revenge, often uses psychological means to alter people. When Brabantio is talking to Othello, he says She has deceived her father, and may thee (Act 1, iii, 333-334). Brabantio meand that since Desdemona was not loyal to her father, she may also deceive Othello. This is an example of foreshadowing because Othello will be lead on to believe that Desdemona is not loyal to him. Iago, later in the play, alludes to Brabantios warning and says, She did deceive her father, marrying you, and when she seemed to shake and fear your looks, she loved them most (Act 3, iii, 237-240). Iago, being very diabolical, enhances Othellos doubts about his marriage. This doubt in Othellos mind comes into play later in Iagos plans for revenge. Iago shows that he will use any means to get his revenge, whether it be lying or manipulating any insecurities in others.Near the end of the play, Iagos plan has progressed as he had planned Othello does not trust Desdemona or Cassio, Iago had gotten Cassio fired, and Othello pacify has complete trust in Iago. Othello had given Desdemona a handkerchief when they had gotten married which symbolized everything holding their relati onship together. Iago gets a hold of the handkerchief and plants it on Cassio. This becomes proof for Othello that Desdemona is cheater on Othello with Cassio. Othello becomes so angry he kills Desdemona. genus genus Emilia, Iagos wife, walks in after Othello strangles Desdemona and in shock tries to explain what Iago has done to him. Iago comes in and tries to stop Emilia he then stabs her because she wouldnt stop. Iagos plan had been revealed and Othello is traumatized. Othello exclaims But why should honor outlive honesty (Act 5, ii, 293)? Othello, trying to comprehend what he has done, questions how the reputation of being honorable could outlast honor itself. Iago, so bent on getting revenge for the sake of his reputation, had killed his very own wife.At the beginning of the play, Iago had said that he heard a rumor about Othello sleeping with his wife. He didnt know if it was true but said he would pretend it was in order to fuel his desire and plot for revenge. Throughout th e play, Iago had used any means to complete his goal. For example, Iago used psychological means to manipulate Othello into doubting his relationship with Desdemona. Iago then lied to Othello and tricked him into believing that Desdemona was having an affair with Cassio.If Emilia had not told Othello, he may not have known about Iagos plan at all. Iago kills Emilia for telling Othello, which is ironic because Iago used the rumor about Othello and his wife to fuel his revenge. Iagos desire for revenge became so great that when Emilia ruined his plan, he killed her. Instead of killing Iago, Othello says, Id have thee live, for in my sense tis happiness to die (Act 5, ii, 340-341). Iago will be kept alive and most belike tortured because killing him would be a punishment not worthy of Iagos actions. Iagos desire for revenge ultimately overcame him and caused many detrimental effects in his life as well as many others. In conclusion, one should never seek revenge.

Renaissance Dbq

metempsychosis was a time of rebirth of the studies of the Greeks and Ro humanitys, as rise as the start of impertinent ideas. Some ideas that were created in the Renaissance include individualism, secularism and humansism. Individualism was the concept of the individual and the belief to be qualified to reach the best of its abilities. Secularism is enjoying worldly affairs, which took after the Romans epicureanism. Lastly, the concept of humanism which is the study of human nature. only three of these ideas were ideal to the purposes and values of translateing throughout the Renaissance.These ideas were useful to the pack as well as engenderd them damage. Thus, breeding and its purposes and values were argued hotly throughout the Renaissance. Some of the main argu ments were directional activity for focal ratio class, education for all, and criticizing education over all. Some Renaissance men argued that education should be for the upper class or people who wish to at tempt to be part of the upper class. They believed the upper class was the single people that needed an education since they were at the top.Some men who believed this were Castiglione, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, and John Amos Comenius. Castiglione wrote a book to the courtiers describing how a courtier should behave. This book, The Courtier, was used by upper class for three hundred years to teach their kids nigh manners and behaviors. Castiglione suggests that a courtier should be well-rounded in his studies and be passably learned in the humanities, in the Latin poets, orators and historians (Doc. 3). Compared to a freeze off class male, Castiglione believes the upper class needs more(prenominal) education.Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini was an Italian humanist who later became pope. He describes that education is needed on high class, especially a prince or any ruler (Doc. 1). John Amos Comenius emphasize the importance of education and university which, back then, university was more for the upper class since they can afford it. He believed the entirely useful education was university (Doc. 13). As more time passed by, the percentages of justices of the peace who attended university increased. More men started getting an education and becoming part of the upper class.Francesco Guicciardini was an Italian statesman and historian. When he was young he neer took education seriously, but as he grew older he regret it and wished he paid more attention. He talks about that if he had a wide education he could have unresolved the way to the favor of princes and sometimes to great profit and honor. He believed that if he had a great education he could have been in the upper class (Doc. 6). This shows that many people argued strongly about the purpose and value of education was for the upper class or to attempt to be part of the upper class.Other Renaissance men believed that education should be for all. This idea was practiced more in the Northern Renaissan ce than the Italian Renaissance but it was still used in both. An example of Northern Renaissance men that subscribe this idea would be Desiderius Erasmus and a man from the School Ordinances. He wrote the Praise of Folly which was a satire against the church. Erasmus was also known for his strong belief in education and institution (Doc. 4). A man from the School Ordinances believed everyone should go to school so they can learn discipline and to be afraid of god.I count on this view point is strange since this man is telling this to a pastor and a pastor wouldnt like the idea of teaching kids to be afraid of god (Doc. 7). Examples of Italian Renaissance men who hold this idea would be Battista Guarino. Battista Guarino believed learning and training in virtue is the true meaning of humanist and that this space pursuits all of mankind (Doc. 2). The values and purposes of education was to reach a wider variety and attempt to give education to all. Lastly, another group of Renaiss ance men argued intensively that the values and purposes of Renaissance education was useless and slothful.John Brinsley was an face schoolmaster and he believed that when adolescents went to school, they have little sense of the meaning and true use of learning. He claims that all they know is how to write in Latin which no one will want to read (Doc. 10). In a letter from an unknown man to the Parlement of Dijon, he says, the study of literature is appropriate only to a small minority of men (Doc. 11). He goes on to say that more hard-working bodies are needed than dreamy and contemplative spirits. Michel de Montaigne was a French essayist and politician.He called the educational system absurd and accused the cause of the selection of books was due to which one sounds the best not which one has the best facts (Doc. 8). John Amos Comenius believed education was pointless until university. He stressed the importance of education in university, which was usually the upper class who went to university. He criticized and emphasise the unimportance of education before university greatly (Doc. 13). The values and purposes of education were discussed and argued greatly throughout the Renaissance.The main arguments were education for upper class, education for all, and criticizing education over all. Castiglione, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, and John Amos Comenius believed strongly in education for upper class. Desiderius Erasmus, a man from the School Ordinances, Battista Guarino believed in education for all. Lastly, John Brinsley, Michel de Montaigne, and, once again, John Amos Comenius criticized the education system strongly. All three topics are only a few of the many values and purposes of the education during the Renaissance.

Music Tempo

Since the early Baroque period, rate markings had been practiced predominantly with instrumental unison. But despite this fact, non all instrumental music had a tread mark during those times. Composers have been inconsistent in their use of it however, conductors have often modified a composers indications, either because of a different interpretation of the writing or because of the conditions under which it is performed. It was during the era of Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) tempo markings became necessary which provided metronome markings instead of using descriptive words.Dance and choral music were be givened at a certain tempo, depending on their style and reflections to the mood of the text. In addition, descriptive tempo markings will almost likely present the mood for example, allegro, not only tries to jutting the thought of restlessness hardly it also conveys brightness. Largo does not only imply slowness but also broadness and expansiveness. Still using tod ay the verbal tempos frequently together with precise metronome markings atomic subdue 18 due to the expressive qualities being manifested.Vague idea of speed and notation of confusion will be the results of music being written before the development of particular metronomes. Speed is being indicated as symbols give the number of eat up generation per bar in the system of time signatures being developed during the Renaissance period. Terminologies such as allegro meaning fast, presto as quick and lento being slow are Italian words indicating tempo in the seventeenth century. To the modern musicians, these words only gave an indistinct concept of speed but for the enthusiasts of contemporary music, customs of tempo were taken as read among composers and nearly all players.Tempo is an Italian word meaning speed or movement. At the top left corner of the musical staff, at that place could be found an expression that indicates how fast or slow the music should be played. This expr ession could be a word or a metronome marking. Metronome marking is the number of get the better of occurring in 60 seconds that measures the footprint of music. As an example, crotchet=60 meaning there should be a 60 crotchet beats to the minute, that is to say, one .per second. Tempo is being measured by modern electronic metronomes precise accurately.To some performers, they play the tempo according to their preferences and what suit their interpretation of the music. Performers who were encouraged to pay more attention to original tempo markings were ca utilize by the knowledge of performance practice achieved by academic investigation into earlier music. At all one time, some other factors are influencing the choice of tempo, and a critical musical analysis most likely relies on changes in the fundamental tempo throughout a piece such as accelerando which means getting faster, ritardando as getting slower or rubato with a beat that is strictly irregular.The rate of speed is determined by its characteristics, performances physical conditions, and the composers transmitted instructions. Before the 17th century, from the notation, performers knew the correct tempo, for tempo were related to note values. The adaption of time signatures and tempo marks made visible a variety of durations for any note. The time signature gave a quarter note one pulse, 3/2 gave half pulse 4/8 gave it two pulses. The rate at which these occurred could be modified by the use of tempo markings, such as allegro or andante. A high degree of trueness in tempo indications was made possible by the invention of the metronome, a device that shows the number of beats per minute.For adagio or very slow tempo, Adagio for Strings by Barber or tercet Sonata in G major by Bach are good sample pieces. Brandenburg Concerto No.6, in B-flat major by Bach and Clarinet Concerto in a major by Mozart are good pieces for allegro that is lively, kind of quick. For rather slow, at conduce tempo t hat is andante, Mozarts Piano Concerto No.21 in C major is advisable to be listened.For grave, that is extremely low and solemn, Beethovens Sonata No.8 in C minor would be the meliorate example. And for slow that is slow and broad, Dvoraks music No.9 in E minor as its corresponding piece. For moderate tempo we have moderato. For the samples, try Shostakovichs Trio for Violin, Cello, and Piano or Hindemiths Sonata for Bass, Tuba, and Piano. Mendelssohns Symphony No.4 in A major is an excellent musical piece for very quick tempo which is called presto. For quick and lively that is vivace, listen to Clarkes Sonata for Viola and Piano,II.There are lots of tempo markings. From the fastest to slowest, common markings accept prestissimo for extremely fast, vivacissimamente as the adverb of vivacissimo meaning very quickly and lively, vivacissimo for very fast and lively, presto and allegrissimo for very fast, and vivo as lively and fast. Allegro is utilize for fast and bright or calle d as a establish tempo. Allegro moderato for moderately quick, allegretto used in moderately fast, moderato for moderately, andantino for alternatively faster or slower than andante, andante used at a walking pace, tranquillamante is derived from the adverb of tranquillo meaning tranquilly and tranquillo for tranquil.Adagietto is used for rather slow, adagio for slow and stately, grave for slow and solemn. Larghetto is used for rather broadly, largo for very slow, lento is very slow like largo, largamente largo for broadly and very slow and slow also for very slow. Basically allegro, largo, adagio, vivace, presto, andante and lento are the few root words used in markings.The postfix issimo when put in the root word makes the tempo amplified. ino used as suffix makes the tempo reduced and by adding the suffix etto to the word the tempo becomes endeared. For sudden changes of different tempo in a piece of music, a new tempo will be given also attach the aforementioned(prenominal) way. Molto or un poco are terms used as modifiers. Accelerando is used when tempo is accelerating or getting faster. Ritardando is used when slowing down, ritenuto when slower and rallentado when gradually slower. Poco a poco is used if pertaining to little by little or gradually speed. Rubato is used when speeding up and at the same time relaxes in ways that puts emphasis on the phrasing. Tempo I is used when referring to the original tempo again.ReferencesFarlex, Inc. (2008). Tempo. RetrievedApril 22, 2008 from

Marooned in Iraq Essay

Marooned in Iraq is a ikon by Bahman Ghobadi set on the border of Iran and Iraq. Wherein throng who lives in Kurdistan experiences a precarious life. The Kurds experiences how it feels to live in a cold, sleazy camp for refugees near Irans border. The cruelty of Saddam Hussein was greatly felt by the loved ones who remained alive. They were the ones who ar left veneering the daily deluge brought closely by Iraqs bomber jets that are streaking across the sky. However this consume is made more meaningful by Ghobadi by having a mixture of laughter and tears. This made the film more appealing to the viewers and more enjoyable to watch. The movie revolves on the life of a Kurdish family who are musically inclined. It is lead by the elder Kurdish whose name is Mirza who is in quest for the fair sex who was gone them both decades before. He was left by his wife and goes with anformer(a) man to another place. Mirza wherefore decided to take courage and buy the farm beyond the bor ders of Iran together with his two sons Barat and Audeh. They experience great squabbling among themselves nevertheless their interaction is really body fluidous. The humor added to lessen the tension of the scenes makes up a light and enjoyed viewers. Some orderlling of this is when they are caught in a troubled situation like when their motorcycles are stolen by some bandits. thither are metaphorical and symbolisms used by Ghobadi on the film Marooned in Iraq. He conservatively unveils the situation of the Kurdish people under the regime of Saddam Hussein. The film was set during 189 and 1991 where Kurdish are in great depression under Hussein. Many lives were killed and families whoa re left behind greatly suffered. The Persian revolution is the time when Barat was left by his wife. In the film there is no clear propose given about the Kurdish wife.This implies how women during that revolution have been robbed of their humanity. Women singers like Hannareh (Mirzas wife) a re silenced and are not capable of speaking of themselves. The title itself of thefilm symbolizes how the Kurdish people were isolated during that time. Chaotic, traumatic and harsh experienced under the claws of Hussein. On the other hand, there are some exemptions on being Marooned in Iraq this is because some of the characters in the film do risk their slipway. A ray of hope is still seeable in the film which gives the Kurdish people a situation where they can think and do ways to reach lberty. As the pursuit of Mirza and his two sons Barat and Audeh continues for Hannareh, they came to learn and understand more the life of being a Kurdish. Through this characters Ghobadi tries to expose the situation during that time. The three lead characters witnessed the frightful devastation received by Iraq from twain U.S bombs and Saddam Husseins bloody troops. To lighten up up the situation Ghobadi uses an approach of adding up humor and beauty along the journey of the three characte rs. This made the viewers understand more about Kurdish identities. How strength and determination allows the characters to stand amidst the adversities in their way. Ghobadi made the film to make a distinction about the Kurdish people. The diversity of the characters in dealing with the situation and how the essence of family floats amidst conflicts and depression. Mirza portaryed his father image by unequivocal his two sons to go with him for his search of his wife. Barat shows willingness to cooperate with his father but but Audeh made some complaints because of go forth behind his 7 wives and 11 daughters. This shows the lifestyle of some Kurdish male who settles for many families. But sort of in the film Audeh decided to go withhis father and brother because it is an opportunity for him to find another wife who will bear him a son. This depicts the fact how Kurdish values having a male born subject in their families.The director used the idea of making the characters in the film portray being musicians to lighten the atmosphere in exposing the situation of the country in that time. While the three are set to travel and does performances along the way, they came across victims of chemical warfare. They also experienced being abducted by thieves who buried them alive upto their necks as their motorcycle and warm clothes are stolen. Some practices were also exposed by the director in the film like the scene when the lead characters came to attend an Iranian wedding. Later on the two sons finds their solace when Barat met a woman he constantly sees in the film but this grieving woman is continuously being stopped by the police and forced to do some military services.Audeh on the other hand no longer finds his supposedly 8th wife but he was able to find some orphans who will make nice sons. Mirza was also able to find his own surprise and his two sons made their happy return to their home. The film is set in a rhythmic and dramatic mode that made it mor e interesting. This is a story of world with some moments of humor to break the harsh reality being experienced that time. Although villages have been scourged by Saddam Hussein during his reign of terror, the people are merry enough to find their ways of surviving.

Peer Evaluations in Enhancing Written and Oral Communication Essay

Communicative practices such as writing and reading are meaning(a) components in the facilitation of education and learning. For educators, they mustiness realize the sexual intercourse importance of these communication practices for they are critical in the enhancement of learning. One way to address this is by creating peer review mechanisms. Though such may prove to be an important component in the facilitation of education, there are cultural rafters that continue to surround the facilitation of peer evaluations.When we deal with English-as-a-second- nomenclature students, cultural factors may decide both the operation and outcomes of peer response groups. (Nelson, 1997, p. 78) By being constantly aware of these issues, one flowerpot create effective peer evaluation mechanism that is free from cultural bias and prejudice. A corporal action and approach must be created by instructors and teachers to address such problem.To maintain the group glueyness and harmonious in terpersonal communications interpersonal relations valued by collectivist cultures, collectivists use confirming means of communicating messages that may otherwise be disruptive to the group. (Nelson, 1997, p. 82) Thus, giving of vital information is an important tool and component in the general facilitation of peer evaluations in enhancing communication practices.By being apprised of cultural differences in communication, they may be bettor able to interpret the feedback they receive from the English-as-the-second-language students and also better able to provide these students with effective feedback. (Nelson, 1997, p. 83) Enhancing the Writing Skills Effectiveness in writing is one eventt that students must acquire in school as it is vital in the overall communication process non only in the educational sector but in different aspects of society.By enhancing such skills, an world-wide student can be fit and remained at level with native speakers of the language. The mai n barrier and impediment in such scenario is the lack of expertise in the local and native language. The study of Koffolt and Holt showcases several(prenominal) important mechanisms that can cleanse writing skills of international students. The article seeks to showcase how teachers can be a vital part in the overall facilitation of efficient writing among students.By doing these, students can get the development in the realm of writing. Teachers who play a more active role in guiding their students through the good writing process of gathering ideas, organizing, drafting, and revising can help students produce writing that is thoughtful, coherent, and polished. (Koffolt and Holt, 1997, p. 53) By providing several important measures that a teacher must consider is an important process to guide students in the overall facilitation of improving writing capabilities.One important method is by creating feedbacks on writing works by international students. By doing this, the student c an actively assess his/her standing as remote as competency in writing is concerned. The creation of a feedback system gives them the opportunity to correct deficiencies in content, language and style. (Koffolt and Holt, 1997, p. 54) For the part of instructors, there must be an active collaboration with an international student as far as writing is concerned.The instructor must recognize the relative challenges that an international student may face during the course of writing. That is why it is essential for the teacher to actively create writing strategies that will help improve the overall capacity of the student to write. However, the teacher must recognize that the process of such endeavor is not easy. Writing is seldom a linear activity, and it is common for writers to go back and forth among different move of the writing process as they complete a major writing task. (Koffolt and Holt, 1997, p. 56)