Evidence Course Essay Example

Evidence Course Essay Derechos reservados de autor El origen y conceptos basicos de Evidencia El termino Evidencia proviene del latin indictum, que significa aparente y probable de que existe alguna cosa y a su vez es sinonimo de senal, muestra o indicacion. Por lo tanto, es todo material sensible significativo que se percibe con los sentidos y que tienen relacion con un hecho delictivo. En terminos legales significa, una certeza clara y manifiesta tan perceptible de un hecho que nadie puede racionalmente dudar de ella. Se diferencia del termino Prueba, porque el significado de prueba, es el resultado de la evidencia cuando ya ha sido admitida en el foro judicial. En castellano se dice que es toda razon, argumento, instrumento u otro medio con que se pretende mostrar y hacer patente la verdad o falsedad de algo. El Tribunal Supremo de P. R. resolvio y definio el termino Prueba suficiente en derecho en el caso 117 D. P. R. 283 Pueblo V. S Ismael Rivera Rivera (1986) el Tribunal sostuvo que es la prueba que produce certeza o conviccion moral en una conciencia de preocupacion o en un animo no prevenido por parte del juzgador de los hechos en controversia. We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence Course specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence Course specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence Course specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Desarrollo de las Reglas de Evidencia en Puerto Rico En Puerto Rico segun Resumil (2000) la jurisprudencia e interpretacion de las Reglas de Evidencia se consideran fuentes del Derecho Procesal Penal y establecen la forma en que el proceso habra de llevarse a cabo reglamentando las etapas y la forma y manera en que los funcionarios del estado han de presentar la evidencia en contra de las personas imputadas de hechos delictivos. Ademas, la Constitucion de Puerto Rico posee el poder de reglamentar los procedimientos judiciales. Sobre este particular el articulo V seccion 6 establece que el Tribunal Supremo adoptara, para los tribunales, las reglas de evidencia, procedimiento civil y criminal que no menoscaben, amplien o modifiquen derechos sustantivos de las partes. Las Reglas asi adoptadas se remitiran a la Asamblea Legislativa al comienzo de su proxima sesion ordinaria y regiran sesenta dias despues de la terminacion de dicha esion, salvo desaprobacion por la Asamblea Legislativa, la cual tendra facultad, tanto en dicha sesion como posteriormente para enmendar, derogar o completar cualquiera de dichas reglas, mediante ley especifica a tal efecto. Disposiciones Generales Aplicabilidad de las Reglas en los Tribunales Las Reglas de Evidencia de P. R. de la Ley de Evidencia de P. R. antes del ano 1979, posteriormente en ese mismo tiempo en octubre de 1979 surgen unas nuevas reglas sufriendo enmiendas hasta el a no 2010 donde reaparece una transformacion y se adoptan nuevos cambios que van a tono con los adelantos tecnologicos y el desarrollo social moderno. Las regla 101 (A) 1, y (A) (2) establecen que estas reglas se aplican a todos los casos civiles y criminales en las salas del Tribunal de Primera Instancia, ante un Tribunal de Apelaciones y ante el propio Tribunal Supremo, con arreglo a los limites establecidos en sus respectivos reglamentos. La Regla 103 (B) establece ademas que estas reglas no aplican en casos de desacato sumario. Bajo las reglas de evidencia de 1979, en los casos administrativos no era obligatorio su aplicacion, pero el Tribunal Supremo ordeno su aplicacion de manera flexible en caso de aplicarlas, es decir si usa su discrecion al utilizarlas el oficial examinador garantizara el derecho a todos por igual. Continuacion de aplicabilidad La regla 103 (B) postula que en todas las acciones de indole civil y criminal (penal) asi como en todas las etapas de estos procesos se deben aplicar y respetar lo concerniente a los privilegios de los testigos y lo relativo al medio de prueba conocido como conocimiento judicial. En palabras entendibles los jueces deben de aplicar estas reglas bajo el examen de informacion que puede ser considerada privilegiada o sea que si se demuestra que es una informacion privilegiada el juez no puede obligar a ese testigo a que tenga que revelar tal informacion. Ejemplo conversaciones entre abogado cliente, medico paciente, negocios, secretos profesionales, trabajador social y cliente y todas aquellas senaladas en estas reglas. Igualmente ocurre en la aplicacion de introducir el conocimiento judicial como medio de prueba, el juez debe admitirla aplicando estas reglas si es legalmente aceptable. Aplicabilidad en otros procedimientos criminales La regla 103 (D) (2) (a) expresamente excluye y descarta la aplicacion de estas reglas de evidencia en la regla 23 de Procedimiento criminal conocida como la Vista Preliminar. Debemos recordar que este es un proceso de presentacion de una mera cintila de prueba de parte de la fiscalia es decir el fiscal no tiene que traer toda la prueba que tenga para probar el caso mas alla de toda duda razonable, tampoco se trata de un minijuicio. El caso de Opio V. S. Opio (1975) 104 D. P. R. 165 en su opinion el Tribunal Supremo afirmo que los procesos judiciales incluyendo la vista preliminar no son competencias en las cuales ha de prevalecer el mas listo si no que mas bien la meta final de todo proceso judicial es que siempre se haga justicia y que nosotros los seres humanos somos capaces de lograrlo fundamentando esta aseveracion en el esclarecimiento de la verdad. Aplicacion de las reglas en casos administrativos Ampliando un poco mas acerca de la aplicacion de las reglas en casos administrativos especificamente en cuanto a la Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo Uniforme, la seccion (3. 13) adopto las normas jurisprudenciales resueltas por el Tribunal Supremo de P. R. y dispuso que, en las vistas administrativas adjudicativas formales las reglas de evidencia no serian aplicables, pero los principios fundamentales de evidencia si podrian ser utilizados. Todos los privilegios de los testigos contenidos en estas reglas si se aplican en los procedimientos administrativos. Es decir un oficial examinador puede tomar conocimiento judicial igual que lo haria un juez del tribunal y tambien puede excluir evidencia que no sea pertinente o que constituya informacion privilegiada como ya reitere anteriormente. El caso de J. R. T. V. S. Autoridad de Comunicaciones, 1981, 110 D. P. R. 879 establecio como norma juridica que estas reglas seran interpretadas mas liberalmente en casos administrativos y mas aun en casos de arbitraje, para facilitar todo aquello que sea pertinente a una controversia. Continuacion de la aplicacion Otro caso Lopez V. S. Policia. 118 D. P. R. 219, reitero en su fundamento juridico que bajo la antigua regla (2) de evidencia hoy dia la regla 103 (E) se explica que las reglas aplican en procedimientos establecidos por leyes especiales, salvo que expresamente se disponga lo contrario o sean incompatibles con la naturaleza del procedimiento especial contemplado en la ley. Por tanto, en los procedimientos administrativos regidos por la ley la norma juridica es la no aplicacion automatica de las reglas de evidencia, desde luego queda a discrecion del oficial examinador que presida la vista administrativa aplicar aquellas reglas que no sean incompatibles con la flexibilidad de los procedimientos administrativos. En arroz y habichuela de aplicar cualquier otra regla no flexible que esten dentro de las discutidas antes o sea conocimiento judicial o privilegio de los testigos debe entonces darle oportunidad igual a las partes envueltas en la controversia, su aplicacion seria de forma justa e imparcial para ambas partes. Continuacion de la aplicabilidad La regla 103 (D) establece que tampoco aplican en los siguientes casos o situaciones: 1. Las determinaciones preliminares a la admisibilidad de prueba, de conformidad con la regla 109 (A) 2. Los procedimientos interlocutorios o post sentencia entre otros: a. Causas para arresto o acusar, vista preliminar, para expedir ordenes de registros y allanamientos. b. Fases de sentencias en procesos penales. c. Imposicion de fianzas o condiciones en procedimientos criminales. d. Vistas de revocacion de libertad a prueba o condicionada. e. Entredichos provisionales o Interdictos preliminares y los procedimientos ex parte en ninguno de los procedimientos o etapas procesales en los Tribunales de Puerto Rico son de aplicabilidad estas reglas de evidencia segun lo establece el Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico en sus interpretaciones judiciales. Los medios de prueba bajo la antigua ley de Evidencia †¢ Conocimiento judicial †¢ Evidencia testifical †¢ Evidencia documental †¢ Evidencia real, cientifica o demostrativa †¢ Las pruebas de referencia que on admisibles como excepciones a la regla de no admisibilidad †¢ Confesiones Regla 109 ( C) se examina si fue voluntaria †¢ Testimonios en peligro de muerte ( requiere corroboracion para ser valida) †¢ Testimonios de testigos no disponibles por muerte o enfermedad cuando hayan sido contrainterrogados previamente y cumplen con la admisibilidad del testimonio bajo el examen de la regla 109 el juez determina si se puede usar esa declaracion jurad a en ausencia del testigo que no esta presente y declaro antes. Las reglas apelativas y los efectos de errores en procesos apelativos Una cosa que muchos abogados aun no tienen claro es que un juez puede equivocarse al admitir una evidencia o al rechazarla, y aun asi, no se revocara la sentencia en apelacion. El caso de Colon V. S. K-mart, 154 D. P. R. 510 (2001) implanto la norma juridica que un tribunal de apelacion solamente intervendra con las determinaciones de hechos y de creedibilidad del tribunal de instancia es decir el tribunal inferior de donde proviene la apelacion cuando las determinaciones sean claramente erroneas o atenten contra una politica publica disenada en un estatuto. Esto significa que los tribunales apelativos no cambian las decisiones de los tribunales inferiores lo que significa es que ellos examinan si existe algun error en derecho que pueda ser sub sanado obviamente de existir algun derecho esto cambiara el curso de esa decision entre los que estan una revocacion, confirmacion o modificacion del caso que esta bajo revision. Examen de las reglas 104, 105 (y) 106 de evidencia Las reglas 104, 105 (y) 106 examinadas conjuntamente, disponen que cuando un juez por error, admita durante el juicio una evidencia o una pregunta que no debio admitir o la rechace cuando debio admitirla, ese error, por si solo, no ocasionaria que el tribunal apelativo revocara la sentencia en ese juicio. Para que pudiera revocarla, se necesitarian (2) dos requisitos. (1). Que el abogado contrario hubiese objetado a tiempo y por el fundamento legal correcto en derecho, lo establece y ordena la regla 104 (A). En el caso resuelto por el Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico Pueblo V. S. Rivero, 121 D. P. R. 454, se implanto y reitero la norma juridica que establece si un abogado no puede solicitar en el proceso apelativo la revocacion de un error cometido por un Juez sin antes haber hecho esa objeccion antes de que el caso suba al tribunal apelativo y no puede entonces esperar que llegue al apelativo para entonces solicitar la revocacion de esa admision erronea de evidencia. En idioma espanol el Supremo sostiene que renuncia a la objeccion que tenia que haber hecho antes de subir el caso Continuacion del analisis de la regla 104 (A) Fundamento de la objeccion La regla 104 (A) aclara que si el fundamento de la objecion surge claramente del contexto del ofrecimiento de la evidencia, no sera necesario aludir a tal fundamento. Para entender lo ilustrado esto lo explica el caso resuelto en Pueblo V. S. Chevere, 139 D. P. R. 1 (1995) una psicologa opino que una testigo estaba diciendo la verdad la defensa no objeto su opinion. En este caso no hubo objecion por el abogado pero debio haber objetado. El caso de Pueblo V. S. Canino 134 D. P. R. 796 (1993) habia establecido previamente que lo que una psicologa diga no era admisible porque un perito no puede determinar sobre si un testigo esta diciendo la verdad o no. Esa funcion corresponde al juez . Por lo que ese abogado debio haber objetado en ese momento la opinion de la psicologa y no esperar a plantearlo en la apelacion ya que el alego que el caso de Canino todavia no se habia resuelto y el alego no saber nada. El Supremo le dijo que eso no era una excusa para no poder objetarlo debio hacerlo aunque hubiese sido la primera vez Otro requisito esencial para la revocacion de la decision o sentencia La regla 105 (A) (2) establece ademas que esa evidencia especifica que se objeta de parte del abogado haya sido un factor decisivo o sustancial en la sentencia que se dicto. Los casos del Supremo Pueblo V. S. Rodriguez 146 D. P. R. 860 (1998) y Pueblo V. S. Rivera Nazario, 141 D. P. R. 65 (1996) aclararon que si fue una tonteria, o era prueba acumulativa, o no hubiera variado el resultado final del caso no se revocara la sentencia en estos casos citados la admision de unas fotografias por error no se consideraban errores sustanciales. Es decir si ese error no es sustancialmente parte de la decision del caso y en nada afecta la decision los tribunales apelativos no apreciaran esa evidencia como parte del proceso de una revocacion de esa decision o sentencia del caso que ha sido objeto de revision en ese tribunal de apelaciones. Errores extraordinarios (fracasos de la justicia) que conllevan revocacion automatica La manera mas sencilla y clara de entender que aunque los abogados que postulan ante un tribunal no hayan podido objetar oportunamente y por el fundamento legal adecuado y/o en otros casos segun la regla 104 (B) haciendo un ofrecimiento de la prueba que en castellano y en arroz y habichuela significa que que el abogado que postula le pueda indicar al tribunal (Juez) la naturaleza, pertinencia y proposito de esa evidencia que quiere introducir como parte del proceso y el mismo Juez que ve la vista no le permite presentar, nada de lo antes dispuesto impedira que un Tribunal Apelativo pueda considerar errores crasos y perjudiciales de admision o exclusion de evidencia cuando sea un fracaso de la justicia. En el argot pueblerino se le ve la costura de que ese juez abuso de su poder discresionalmente como Juez. Como por ejemplo validar un arresto ilegal como uno valido. El caso de Pueblo V. S. Rivera Nazario 141 D. P. R. 865 (1996) aclaro que aun cuando no se cumpla con las objeciones y o frecimientos de prueba como parte de las exigencias para acudir en apelacion y se incurrio en un error extraordinario es revisable en apelacion ese caso y podria revocarse su decision. Continuacion de errores extraordinarios (revocacion) En cuanto a los errores acumulativos el caso de Pueblo V. S. Echevarria, 128 D. P. R. 299 (1991) resolvio que tambien se puede revocar una decision cuando un error no extraordinario por si solo, no ocasionara la revocacion, pero el efecto acumulativo de varios de estos errores fueran sustanciales sobre esta excepcion. Para entenderlo significa que por muchos errores que tengan sustancia y que se vayan acumulando, los tribunales apelativos pueden tambien revisar los casos y hasta revocarlos por ser un fracaso de la justicia aun cuando el abogado litigante no haya cumplido con su funcion de objetar la prueba en controversia, no obstante bajo esta situacion se considera este metodo como una excepcion a estas reglas de evidencia. Lo importante es que esos alegados errores que se acumulan sean sustanciales para poder cambiar la apreciacion de la prueba Situaciones donde los fiscales deben plantean que no son errores sustanciales Cuando los fiscales ofrecen evidencias que supuestamente afecten los derechos del acusado se deben guiar por la norma establecida en los casos Pueblo V. S. Lopez 118 D. P. R. 515, Pueblo V. S. Ruiz Bostch, 127 D. P. R. 762 (1991) aclaro el Supremo que el fiscal tiene la obligacion de probar ante el tribunal apelativo que el error no fue perjudicial para el acusado y lo tiene que probar de tal forma que el tribunal apelativo quede convencido mas alla de duda razonable. Tambien se resuelve en el ultimo caso aqui citado que no siempre se revocara la sentencia condenatoria aun cuando en este caso se planteo que se obtuvo una confesion del acusado sin que el fiscal le hubiese hecho las advertencias legales antes de comenzar su confesion como parte de la investigacion del caso. En este caso lo que sucedio fue que el abogado defensor no objeto la confesion hecha sin que el fiscal le hiciera las advertencias o sea el abogado se durmio en la zona de los (3) segundos y no objeto a tiempo y por el fundamento legal correcto, Admisibilidad limitada La regla 107 postula que se puede ofrecer una pieza de evidencia o hacer una pregunta a un testigo que seria admisible para un proposito e inadmisible para otro. En el caso de juicio por derecho donde el juez decide el caso entonces el abogado le pedira al juez que le aclare cual es la parte que sera admisible o inadmisible y para que proposito. En juicios por jurado el juez instruira al jurado que esta admitiendo la pregunta o la evidencia para un proposito limitada nada mas. En forma entendible un emplo es cuando se presenta una declaracion jurada de una persona el Juez puede aceptarla con el proposito de establecer y conocer que esa persona sabia firmar aunque el mismo juez no haya aceptado el contenido de esa declaracion por no ser valida en derecho. Lo que se quiere conocer es si sabia firmar o no. No se quiere saber el contenido de la misma. Regla de la totalidad de la evidencia La regla 108 nos dice que cuando parte de una declaracion es ofrecida en evidencia, el abogado de la otra parte puede ofrecer el resto del escrito o cualquier escrito que le complemente. El proposito de esta regla de la totalidad es que el juzgador tenga la evidencia dentro de su contexto para que pueda comprenderla mejor lo que se pretende demostrar al tribunal. Ejemplo (X) presenta una carta donde admite haberle tomado dinero prestado a (Y). La parte contraria puede presentar tambien la segunda carta donde decia que (Y) le habia pagado a (X) la mitad del dinero. En el caso normativo Pueblo V. S. Echevarria, 128 D. P. R. 229 (1991), el Tribunal Supremo interpreto esta regla y dictamino que la regla 108 no significa que si un abogado o fiscal presenta tan solo una de las paginas no serian admisibles en evidencia. Lo que significa es que la parte adversa no tendra que esperar su turno para pedir que el tribunal admita la totalidad del expediente en el turno en que estan presentando esas paginas. Se puede hacer todo en ese momento. Las determinaciones preliminares a la admisibilidad Regla (109) La regla 109 tiene el proposito de disponer la funcion del Juez y su responsabilidad para determinar las siguientes cosas: (1). Admitir cualquier evidencia. (2) Declarar que un testigo tiene la capacidad, es decir esta capacitado para ser testigo. (3). Si alguien puede reclamar un privilegio. En ese caso el Juez puede oir prueba, o escuchar brevemente los argumentos de los abogados, o excusar al jurado de la sala, o celebrar una vista informal. Tenemos que recordar (2) dos cosas que se hacen en esta etapa, (1). Al hacer estas determinaciones preliminares el Juez no tiene que seguir las reglas de evidencia, excepto las de los privilegios segun lo establece la regla 109 (A). En los juicios por jurado, el jurado nunca admite evidencias solo para juicio en asuntos del peso de la creedibilidad. Solamente es funcion del Juez admitir o rechazar las evidencias a ser utilizadas por los litigantes en la etapa del juicio en casos por jurado los miembros del jurado deben salir fuera de la sala hasta tanto el Juez resuelva la admision de las evidencias. Juicios por jurado En el caso de Pueblo V. S. Torres, 126 D. P. R. 724, el Tribunal Supremo sostiene que cuando la vista informal previa tiene el proposito de determinar si un testigo es o no competente para declarar, tan solo debe celebrarse en juicios donde hay jurado. Se excusa temporalmente al jurado. En los casos por tribunal de derecho, el tribunal puede oir al testigo y apreciar si esta capacitado para declarar, dependiendo de la forma en que declare. Otra funcion del Juez en esta etapa es examinar si una identificacion de un sospechoso fue confiable es decir dentro de los parametros legales. Ademas determinar si la confesion fue voluntaria o fue coaccionada por funcionarios del estado. Tambien si se debe permitir al fiscal repreguntar al acusado que esta declarando sobre si ha sido convicto previamente por mentir o si una prueba de referencia es admisible esta norma se reitero en el caso de Pueblo V. S. Martinez, 126 D. P. R. 561. Integracion de la regla 109 de evidencia y la supresion de evidencia en procedimiento criminal Cuando se presenta una supresion de evidencia bajo la regla 234 de P. C. n la regla 109 de evidencia uno de los fundamentos para solicitarla es que lo afirmado bajo juramento en la declaracion prestada por el agente que obtuvo la orden de allanamiento era falso total o parcialmente. En cuanto a esta aseveracion en el caso de Pueblo V. S. Maldonado 135 D. P. R. 563 (1994), se planteo si era o no obligatorio que el Juez celebrara una vista evidenciaria cuando se radica esta mocion de supresion de evidencia. En este caso el Tribunal Supremo resolvio que el que presenta la mocion de supresion de evidencia viene obligado a alegar en la misma los hechos o razones especificas en que apoya su reclamacion. Por tanto, si cumple con este requisito, el tribunal viene obligado a celebrar una vista evidenciaria y adjudicar los hechos en disputa. Si la mocion no cumple con el requisito, o si no hay hechos en disputa, el tribunal puede resolver la mocion sin celebrar una vista. Esta ultima aseveracion surge de la ultima enmienda a la regla 234 de P. C. Ley Num 44 de 2007. Pertinencia de la evidencia ofrecida Cuando tenga que celebrarse una vista debe hacerse antes del juicio, para lograr la economia procesal. La regla 109 (B) por su parte dispone que cuando para determinar si es o no pertinente una evidencia ofrecida, se haga necesario que se satisfaga una condicion de hecho, el tribunal admitira la evidencia al presentarse evidencia suficiente para sostener la conclusion de que la condicion ha sido satisfecha. El tribunal puede tambien admitir evidencia, sujeto a que posteriormente se presente evidencia suficiente para sostener la conclusion de que la condicion ha sido satisfecha. Ejemplo de esto es cuando se presenta el resultado de una prueba de alcohol para satisfacer la condicion de que la prueba fue valida el fiscal debe mostrar al Juez que fue autenticada y que fue confiable si no se satisface esa condicion puede ser descartada por el tribunal. En el caso Pueblo V. S. Nazario 138 D. P. R. 760 (1995), el Supremo, expreso que se trataba de un caso de pertinencia condicionada, bajo la regla antigua 9 (B) ahora 109 (B). Por tanto, no cometio error el juez al admitir la evidencia con la instruccion al jurado sobre lo que dice esta regla. Corresponde entonces al jurado aquilatar el valor probatorio de la prueba de alcohol, o descartarla, luego que escuche toda la evidencia de la defensa para impugnar la autenticidad de dicha prueba de alcohol. Las confesiones voluntarias El caso que mejor explica este proceso es Pueblo V. S, Rivera Nazario, 141 D. P. R, 865 (1996) el Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico aclaro en el mismo que en los casos por jurado, la regla 109 (C) que examina el procedimiento para ver si una confesion fue valida o no es decir voluntaria o coaccionada por los funcionarios de estado se tiene que pasar prueba en (2) ocasiones por los abogados litigantes en la determinacion preliminar. Primero ante el Juez, y si este la admite, se pasara ante el jurado para que el jurado resuelva sobre el peso de la creedibilidad de la confesion. Un dato mportante que no debemos olvidar nunca y que hemos examido en el curso de procedimiento criminal es que estas confesiones deben ser objeto de corroboracion siempre por part e de los investigadores, este proceso le da mas peso y credibilidad a la prueba que la fiscalia va a utilizar en contra del declarante. Esto evitara que otras personas se echen culpas que pueden ser por proteger a otras personas. El derecho del acusado que declara en la determinacion preliminar La regla 109 (D) establece que si el acusado declara en esta etapa, el fiscal no puede contrainterrogar sobre otros aspectos del caso. En espanol boricua el acusado se le esta preguntando si lo obligaron a confesar o si fue voluntariamente, el fiscal no puede preguntarle otras cosas de como lo asesino etc. La regla 109 (D) no prohibe a las partes que una vez que el juez ha determinado que una prueba es admisible o un testigo puede declarar porque esta apto, la otra parte litigante pueda presentar en el juicio evidencia pertinente para impugnar el valor probatorio o credibilidad de esa evidencia. Ejemplo de esta situacion es que si el Juez resolviera en la determinacion preliminar que una prueba de referencia es admisible, ello no le impide al otro abogado que pueda contradecir esa prueba de referencia admitida para restarle credibilidad, es decir impugnarla ante ese tribunal que esta litigando esa prueba. Continuacion de la regla 109 (D) de evidencia Jurisprudencia aplicable En cuanto a evidencias admisibles o peritos cualificados como testigos que pueden emitir opiniones ( Expert Opinion Evidence Witnesses) bajo la citada regla de evidencia el mejor caso que explica esta situacion que no puede pasar por alto es el de Pueblo V. S. Bianchi, 117 D. P. R. 484. El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico manifesto que el Juez debe usar esta regla para recibir el testimonio de base (foundation testimony) necesario para determinar, en los casos que se requiera, si se cumplio o no con la cadena de custodia ,evidencia cientifica o demostrativa. Explicado en forma sencilla el hecho de ser admitido como un testigo con unos conocimientos especializados en su area, no impide que el abogado defensor impugne el rocedimiento llevado a cabo en el manejo de la custodia de evidencia, ademas este testimonio del perito al sentar las bases le brinda una mejor oportunidad al Juez que cualifica testigo para poder apreciar cualquier irregularidad en el proceso del manejo y custodia de l a evidencia. Obiamente el abogado contrario debe objetar cualquier irregularidad en el proceso de cualificacion y presentacion de esas evidencias cientificas. Evaluacion y suficiencia de la prueba La regla 110 (A) lo que dice es que los abogados que litigan en un tribunal tienen que presentar el peso de la prueba o de lo contrario resultarian vencidos en sus argumentos si no presentan esa prueba, Un caso que ayuda a entender mejor esta aseveracion es Colon V. S. Loteria de Puerto Rico, 2006 T. S. P. R 65. En forma sencilla explica que un fiscal tiene el peso de la prueba para probar un caso criminal con evidencias mas alla de una duda razonable o de lo contrario el acusado saldria absuelto. El inciso (B) de esta regla manifiesta que tiene primeramente la obligacion de presentar evidencia quien sostiene la afirmativa en la controversia. En Puerto Rico el fiscal presenta primero sus testigos y pruebas ya que son ellos los que afirman que la culpabilidad del imputado es cierta a base de las pruebas que ellos someten al tribunal. Un breve analisis de la regla 110 (C) la explica el Tribunal Supremo en Pueblo V. S. Torrers, 117 D. P. R. 6 (1994), la norma reitera que la ley no requiere certeza matematica para establecer un hecho, pero el Supremo resolvio que solo se exige que llegue al Juez la prueba que produzca conviccion moral en un animo no prevenido. Continuacion del analisis de la regla 110 de evidencia La regla 110 (D) lo que establece es q ue cuando los Jueces tengan ante si una evidencia directa de un testigo si para ellos es creible es decir tiene suficiente garantia de ser confiable los propios jueces pueden establecer ese hecho por considerarla como suficiente. Ejemplo si un testigo dice que (X )fue el que le quito la vida a (Y), y el Juez considera como creible esa declaracion entonces el Juez puede establecer cualquier hecho como verdadero hasta tanto no se demuestra prueba de lo contrario. Los casos que explican mejor este concepto son: Rivera Figueroa V. S. Autoridad de Acueductos, 2009 TSPR 162, Pueblo V. S. Santiago Collazo, 2009, TSPR 101, Ramirez Ferrer V. S. Conagra, 2009 TSPR 55. Una razon es que la evidencia directa por lo general muestra el hecho sin que medie una presuncion o una inferencia a tales efectos, el Juez tiene la capacidad de analizar la prueba mejor. Continuacion de la regla 110 de evidencia La regla 110 (E) lo que significa es que no importa la cantidad o numeros de los testigos que los litigantes presenten en un caso. El Juez o el jurado son los que determinan y deciden a quienes le van a creer, aqui se aplica el argot puertorriqueno no es la cantidad sino la calidad del testimonio a evaluarse. La regla 110 (G) lo que postula es que cuando pareciere que uno de los abogados que litigan su caso, teniendo disponible unas pruebas mas contundentes y firmes que satisfagan los requisitos de buenas pruebas, ofrecen las mas debiles y menos satisfactorias la evidencia que ellos ofrecen debera ser considerada con sospechas. La regla 110 (F) establece que en los casos civiles, la decision del juzgador se hara mediante la preponderancia de la prueba. En casos criminales debe ser mas alla de toda duda razonable. Es decir en casos civiles la prueba es mas liviana para establecer un caso puede ser hasta de un 66% o mas, en casos criminales un 98% o mas por lo que el peso de la prueba es mas contundente. Definicion de duda razonable El caso que explica el concepto de duda razonable es Pueblo V. S. Irizary Irizary, 156 D. P. R. 80 (2002), el Supremo sostuvo que duda razonable no es otra cosa que la insatisfaccion de la conciencia del juzgador con la prueba presentada. Otros casos Pueblo V. S . Santiago Collazo, 2009 TSPR 101, Pueblo V. S. Sanchez, 134 D. P. R. 577 (1993) (y) Pueblo V. S. De Leon, 132 D. P. R. 746 afirmaron que no basta con que el fiscal presente prueba que sea meramente suficiente. Se requiere que la prueba sea suficiente en derecho. Esto significa que la evidencia, ademas debe ser suficiente y tiene que ser satisfactoria. En buen castellano, eso quiere decir lo que reitero la norma juridica de Pueblo V. S. Torres, 137 D. P. R. 56 (1994) que quiere decir que produzca conviccion moral o certeza en un animo no prevenido. Es decir que la prueba se analizo objetivamente y libre de prejuicios. Si los fiscales no prueban su caso mas alla de una duda razonable los casos pueden ser desestimados por crear duda razonable en el juzgador de los hechos que se estan litigando ante ese tribunal. En casos civiles la norma de preponderancia es a base del criterio de probabilidades. Evaluacion de credibilidad por los tribunales apelativos en casos penales En relacion a este analisis (2) casos importantes son Pueblo V. S. Viruet, 2008 TSPR 60 (y) Pueblo V. S. Acevedo, 150 D. P. R. 84 (2000) estos casos reiteraron la norma juridica que establece que en los casos criminales el Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico no intervendria con la valoracion de la prueba que haga el jurado o juez en ausencia de pasion, prejuicio, parcialidad o que exista un error manifiesto. Los Jueces tienen que creerle a los testigos que declaran en un juicio cuando no incurren en constantes contradicciones aunque el abogado contrario no le haya hecho preguntas en otras palabras debe merecerles credito al juzgador. En el caso de Miranda V. S. Mena 109 D. P. R. 473, el Tribunal Supremo aclaro que la unica manera en que los Jueces no den credito al testimonio en estos casos es que: 1. Lo que dijo sea fisicamente imposible, ejemplo que visito la luna en media hora y regreso. 2. Sea totalmente inverosimil, son disparetes que parecen imposibles, ejemplo testigo manifesto que recibio (10) disparos y no sangro. 3. Contradicciones que sean increibles. Continuacion de evaluacion de credibilidad en casos criminales El Tribunal Supremo reitero que bajo las situaciones antes explicadas los Jueces no gozan de su discresion absoluta para no creerle al testigo, razon por la cual se revoco la decision del Tribunal de Primera Instancia en el caso de Miranda V. S. Mena ya citado, ya que no se dieron los criterios de imposibilidad. Otro caso Pueblo V. S. Falcon, 126 D. P. R. 75, resolvio que aun cuando un testigo incurra en contradicciones, el Juez puede creerle. Pero si es el unico testigo del fiscal, e incurre en contradicciones crasas sobre los asuntos esenciales del caso, el Tribunal Supremo puede revocar porque no se establece la culpabilidad mas alla de duda razonable. En el caso de Pueblo V. S. Gonzalez, 138 D. P. R. 91 (1995) se implanto la norma de que si un

Habits and Traits of the Painted Lady Butterfly

Habits and Traits of the Painted Lady Butterfly The painted lady, also known as the cosmopolitan or thistle butterfly, inhabits backyards and meadows throughout most of the world. Schoolchildren often recognize this butterfly, as raising these butterflies is a popular science activity in elementary classrooms. Description The aptly named painted lady wears splashes and dots of colors on her wings. The adult butterflys wings are orange and brown on the upper side. The leading edge of the forewing appears black with a prominent white bar and smaller white spots. The underside of the wings is markedly duller, in shades of brown and gray. When the butterfly sits at rest with wings folded together, four small eyespots are noticeable on the hindwing. Painted ladies reach 5-6 centimeters in width, smaller than some other brush-footed butterflies like the monarchs. The painted lady caterpillars are more difficult to identify, since their appearance changes with each instar. The early instars appear worm-like, with light gray bodies and a darker, bulbous head. As they mature, the larvae develop noticeable spines, with a dark body mottled with white and orange markings. The final instar retains the spines, but has a lighter color. The first few instars live in a silken web on a leaf of the host plant. Vanessa cardui is an irruptive migrant, a species that occasionally migrates without regard to geography or season. The painted lady lives year-round in the tropics; in cooler climates, you may see them in spring and summer. Some years, when southern populations reach large numbers or weather conditions are right, painted ladies will migrate north and expand their range temporarily. These migrations sometimes occur in phenomenal numbers, filling the skies with butterflies. The adults that reach the colder areas will not survive the winter, however. Painted ladies rarely migrate south. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - LepidopteraFamily - NymphalidaeGenus - VanessaSpecies - Vanessa cardui Diet The adult painted lady nectars on many plants, especially the composite flowers of the Asteraceae plant family. Favored nectar sources include thistle, aster, cosmos, blazing star, ironweed, and joe-pye weed. Painted lady caterpillars feed on a variety of host plants, particularly thistle, mallow, and hollyhock. Life Cycle Painted lady butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Egg - Mint green, barrel-shaped eggs are laid singly on the leaves of host plants, and hatch in 3-5 days.Larva - The caterpillar has five instars over 12-18 days.Pupa - The chrysalis stage lasts about 10 days.Adult - Butterflies live for just two weeks. Special Adaptations and Defenses The painted ladys mottled colors look much like military camouflage and provide effective cover from potential predators. The small caterpillars hide in their silk nests. Habitat The painted lady lives in open meadows and fields, disturbed areas and roadsides, and generally any sunny place that provides appropriate nectar and host plants. Range Vanessa cardui lives on all continents except Australia and Antarctica and is the most widely distributed butterfly in the world. The painted lady is sometimes called the cosmopolite or cosmopolitan because of this wide distribution.

Advancements in IS hardware and software Research Paper

Advancements in IS hardware and software - Research Paper Example on sector has experienced a number of changes in the last five years and that forms the basis of discussion in the text with a focus on IS hardware and software (Baltzan & Phillips, 2009). Over the past five years, information system hardware has tremendously transformed in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. To begin with, the computer processors have been enhanced to the extent that they have increased speed and performance. Computer processors have the capabilities of processing large bulk of information by responding to the instructions as appropriate. Moreover, the hardware memories are able to store large data before they are processed (Baltzan & Phillips, 2009). In the past, the memory was restricted to a certain capacity to the extent that once the limited space was occupied, no data or information could be stored. The IS hardware have been transformed with enhanced capabilities, making them compatible with other components. It has become possible to integrate hardware and software components for effective communication of the various elements of an information system (Baltzan & Phillips, 2009). Information system software has had an impressive run in the business world in the last five years due to a number of changes. Most of the IS software has been developed to meet specific needs in the market. Case in point is that a number of the components are today developed for financial purposes, data evaluation and analysis. The specifications have simplified the use of the softwares. Consequently, IS software is compatible with most of the hardware components and this has made it possible to employ any information system material without any restrictions (Cockburn, 2008). The communication between the various components of a software have been simplified due to enhanced performance and effectiveness. Software designs have changed, making them more user friendly and easy to adapt (Cockburn, 2008). Moreover, the quality of the IS software has changed

Discuss three obstacles to your education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss three obstacles to your education - Essay Example The financial obstacle poses as a serious problem in the wake of my educational basis. I am usually worried due to these issues and I make every effort to make sure these problems get solved sooner rather than later. I have decided for my own self that I will work so that my fees could be made affordable but that has put me in a quandary since balancing studies and work at the same time is a Herculean task. However my efforts are pretty much in line with my aims and objectives and I believe one need to have a very clear conscience in order to reach his goals. Same is my case where I have been devoted towards my studies and my work in a whole-hearted manner. Apart from these, I face problems in the emotional aspect when I am unable to come up to the expectations that an educational facility has from its students. The aspect of my family within my studies is significant since I am unable to give them much time and the discussion of ‘quality time’ for the family is absent from the whole scenario, which is unfortunate in entirety. There is also an obstacle in the form of balancing my studies with my work which becomes a difficult thing at the end of the day. My academic obstacle becomes a serious concern with the ever-changing curriculum requirements. This obstacle does not seem to come to an end however I have made serious efforts to address the very same on a consistent basis. I am doing my best to overcome them but then again it is always difficult to manage one’s expenses, work and study – all at the same time. Someone or the other will miss out on the whole agreement that a person is usually tied up within. In my case, this largely focuses on my educational patterns. The financial, emotional and academic obstacles are indeed venomous in nature as far as my educational regimes are concerned. I need to do a lot of catching up in order to become an educated person at the end. I need to give my best towards studies so that the emotional

Report will focus on analysing the existence of power Essay Example for Free

Report will focus on analysing the existence of power Essay Introduction This report will focus on analysing the existence of power, control and resistance within an organisation with particular reference toward Australia’s largest and most successful telecommunications provider, Telstra (Telstra, 2013). Applying widely recognised theoretical frameworks and concepts against these focus areas, a critical analysis has been conducted and assessed with the findings referenced throughout the report determining the positive and negative impacts each are having on Telstra the organisation and its stakeholders. The three focus areas of power, control and resistance are major influences within any organisation and critical to its success. Power and control can be perceived as being the same within an organisation, however there are key differentiators between the two that is important to identify and understand. Both power and control of an organisation can have various levels of influence on its stakeholders depending on a companies geographical or workforce size and culture. A level of power labeled as â€Å"Domination† identifies the way that an organisation can ultimately shape the preferences, attitudes and even political outlooks of its stakeholders (Sadan, 1997). The area of control stems from the introduction of â€Å"scientific management† introduced by (Taylor, 2007). Taylor’s methodologies of control are still predominant in many modern organisations that adopt various means to maintain a controlled workplace. Such means can consist of forms of surveillance such as email and phone scanning, remote working arrangements and segmentation of skills. Jermier, Knights, Nord refer to resista nce within an organisation as constituting forms of power that’s exercised by subordinates within a workplace. Example forms or â€Å"faces† of resistance are refusal, voice, escape and creation. With an understanding of the theoretical frameworks and concepts of these three focus areas, various stakeholders of Telstra have been interviewed to construct a comprehensive analysis on what impact power, control and resilience is having on the organisation and its stakeholders. Methodology Being one of the largest organizations in Australia, power, control, and resistance is spread throughout the companies multiple functions and sectors. It is these elements that aid in shaping the way Telstra operates. This fact has led to various methods being utilized to collect and critically analyse information on Telstra regarding these three aspects of organizational behaviour. Both primary and secondary research was conducted for this report. Primary sources include conversations with Telstra stakeholders in conjunction with online secondary research. Stakeholders include employees of Telstra as well as the customers themselves. By learning about their experiences with Telstra a better understanding of the organization was created as well as how power, control, and resistance are evident in Telstra. The use of primary and secondary research allowed for power, control and resistance to be critically analysed in Telstra. A number of theories were also addressed in the analysis of Telstra. Relevant aspects of power, control, and resistance were explored and applied to Telstra to develop this report. As power, control, and resistance are different elements of organizational behaviour, a range of theories needed to be used in order to properly analyse Telstra. This also led to the stakeholder interviews being less formal due to questions having to cover such as large industry and often transparent elements of organizational behaviour. To address the issue of power in Telstra, a number of cases were used to identify the scope of power itself in Telstra and how those in power are at times abusing it or using it as a tool for manipulation. In some cases, the extremities of Telstra are clearly shown. Alongside this evidence and research, the theoretical framework of the ‘four faces of power’ derived from Lukes (1986) and Foucault (1977) was used for analysis of the company. As Telstra is a very large company, appropriate control systems and management of control is essential throughout all the functions of the business. To analyse how control plays a critical role in Telstra, different functions of the organization and their appropriate control mechanism were explo red. This was done through researching into examples and cases of how Telstra has managed it’s control systems. Similarly to the use of the ‘four faces of power’, resistance was also analysed using a comparable framework. The framework used was the ‘four faces of resistance’. This framework helped to highlight areas where employees show resistance and how far they can take it. Research and cases gathered coupled together with the four faces of resistance aided in presenting and analysing the various issues of resistance and how it exists in Telstra. Organisational Power â€Å"Power is derived from owning and controlling the means of production and how this power is reinforced by organisational structures and rules of governance† (Weber and Marx, 1948) Telstra as an organization consists of management hierarchy comprising of numerous Directors and Executives that hold responsibility for the direction and public image of Telstra. These positions at times are extremely demanding as their everyday decisions can, and will have an effect on the business profits and customer satisfaction levels. Power is crucial amongst these ranks as it is required to make necessary changes and improvements to policy and procedure in the highly competitive industry of telecommunications. Ultimately the responsibility of the performance of Telstra resides with the CEO (David Thodey) and the supporting Directors (executive and non-executive). As the ‘Top-level manager’, David Thodey makes decisions affecting the entire company. He does not direct the day -to-day activities of the company; instead he sets goals for the organization and directs the company to achieve them. An example is the announcement of a strategy of market differentiation and a renewed focus on customer service and satisfaction (Telstra Website, 2009). Top managers are ultimately responsible for the performance of the organization (Simmering, 2007). Following the top-level management group is the middle-level managers, who set goals for their departments and other business units. Middle managers are charged with motivating and assisting first-line managers to achieve the company’s objectives. They also play an important role by communicating and offering suggestions to the top managers, as they are more involved in the day-to-day workings of the company. The next level of management is the first-level. This level is responsible for the daily management of the employees who actually produce the product or offer the service. Although first-level managers typi cally do not set goals for the organization, they have a very strong influence on the company, as they are the managers that most employees interact with on a daily basis. Telstra’s use of coercion internally has become evident in various situations. By assessing the four faces of power we can see how intimidation towards workers has resulted in a number of public outbursts. An unethical and undisclosed strategy was introduced by Telstra during 2008 whereby 15,000 employees were targeted to sign up to Australian Workforce Agreements (AWA) before the ban on agreements was to be imposed by the Government (Eastley, 2008). A confidential Telstra document showed that managers were given 29 pages of tips on how to best convince workers to signing up to AWA’s (Hawley, 2008). The document urged managers to use psychological profiling of employees when considering who to target and were rewarded with bonuses once successfully signing workers up to workplace agreements. This method of power is an example of coercion. Telstra has clearly done something unethically in this situation. The company’s actions have demonstrated a coercive environment that maximises pressure through psychological manipulation. Domination is a level of power that identifies the way in which an organisation can ultimately shape the preferences, attitudes and even political outlooks of its stakeholders Lukes (1986). Telstra’s domination of most communications markets and its ability to leverage market power across markets is a consequence of its structure. The result is the failure of competition affecting all consumer groups. The ideal solution is a form of structural separation of Telstra. This objective can be achieved through the creation of a regulatory package that delivers as much of the benefit as possible that would be derived from structural separation, while acknowledging the limitations of real separation to address the core incentives of Telstra to favour itself (Competitive Carriers’ Coalition Inc, 2005). Workplace bullying is a widespread issue that can only be resolved through an implementation strategy targeting all employees. Employers need to be held accountable and have a str ategy in place to protect the employees from this offence. Unfortunately this is not always the case, in some instances the employer is the one orchestrating the bullying. A recent case in which the Administrative Appeals Tribunal overruled Telstras decision not to pay compensation to an ex-employee for stress and psychological injury shows that it is possible to resist intimidation (Sdrinis, 2012). Mr Sami was successful in wining his compensation claim against Telstra for work-related psychological injuries and in particular in relation to bullying and harassment by his manager over a period of time. This case underlines that managements often-used tactics of subtle bulling and harassment to push people out the door has a human cost which the law is prepared to recognise. Within most major companies, including Telstra, workers have to live with the threat of losing their jobs and this case should encourage workers to stand up to workplace harassment and, if victimized, seek legal advice and compensation. Organisational Control In order to regulate and manage organisational activities and resources, so that accomplishing goals and objectives are possible, organisations need control. It is a significant part of running any business so that a targeted element of performance remains up to organisational standard. There is a considerable amount of responsibility that goes into managing control, as there are many different levels and areas in which organisations define control. Information Resources is an area of control in which include sales forecasting, environmental analysis and production scheduling. In a recent article, Telstra has reported a 12.9 per cent increase in net profit, reaching $3.9 billion, and an increase in revenue up two per cent to $26 billion (Bartholomeusz, Technology Spectator, 2013). Telstra chief executive officer David Thodey said it was the â€Å"third consecutive year of significant customer growth for Telstra mobile, driven by $1.2 billion of investment in the network during the y ear.† As profit results slightly bettered expectations, this can only leave a positive impact on employees, shareholders and the organisation itself. For instance, as a result of meeting organisational goals and objectives, employees get to keep their job, and keep the shareholders content. In any organisation, operations control is needed to control the processes used to transform resources into products and services. As Telstra is constantly aspiring to grow as a company and are faced with new business opportunities, changes in operational processes takes place as a result, workers find themselves jobless. The terminal decline of Telstra’s once-dominant telephone business and the rise of new business opportunities have forced the telco giant into a major operational restructure that will affect half the companys 30,000 strong domestic workforce (Bingemann, 2013). (Telstra Chief Operations officer Brendon Riley, is likely to see hundreds of jobs cut from the telco as i t transitions its operations and IT divisions from infrastructure-based businesses to more of a software and services future (Bingemann, 2013). Although this may mean good news for Telstra advancing as an organisation, this change in operations control is affecting the lives of 30,000 loyal employers and their families. Telstra’s financial control plan has an upside and a downside. Like most organisations, a budget control provides a way of measuring performance across different aspects within the company. Also control the financial resources as they flow into, are held by, and flow out of the organisation. Telstra while having generated some $2 billion in savings has punished workers by cutting 1,000 net local jobs over the past two and a half years (Bartholomeusz, Business Spectator, 2013). Although the savings are benefiting Telstra’s fast-growing mobile business, the price to pay is substantial for those 1,000 workers who need to make ends meet. Telstra has insisted that it can simultaneously cut costs while improving customer service b y reducing errors, queries and complaints that allow it to, for instance, reduce call centre staff (Bartholomeusz, Business Spectator, 2013). As technology advances, so does the way people do things. With the new possibilities of using apps and online resources to ask questions, queries and form complaints, the need for call centre workers reduces sizeable Organisational Resistance Within the multinational telecommunication company Telstra, numerous accounts of resistance both internally and externally have risen from management decisions by the company’s head. Several incidents have occurred in which the public and workers have raised their voice in resistance against some of the giant’s actions. By assessing the four faces of resistance, we can see typical and expected responses from the public and workers. One incident occurred earlier this year in February. Telstra slashed over 700 jobs from their Sensis network, which resulted in mass rallies and protests by union leaders and workers alike (Conifer, 2013). This method of resistance is an example of ‘voice.’ By publicly displaying and enforcing their dissatisfaction against the loss of their jobs, the union workers are resisting Telstra’s actions. The rally and protests have been constructed to highlight the unsatisfactory methods of Telstra. As Telstra grows as a company, many Australian jobs are being sent offshore, particularly to Asian nations. The rapid growth of the company forces management and corporate heads to expand the company to increase revenue and profits, at the expense of Australian jobs. In July of this year, over 170 jobs were sent offshore to India, which lead to widespread union outrage (Bingemann, www.theaustralian.com.au/business, 2013). The Communication, Electrical and Plumbing union, as well as the Community and Public Sector unions protested and demanded negotiations in regards to job losses. The fact that unions stood up and resisted to sacrifice their jobs highlights an internal voice of the company. This resistance from the unions demonstrates a type of power that workers have within their job, to stand up against unsatisfactory managerial decisions. (Bingemann, www.theaustralian.com.au/business, 2013) The third face of resistance represents the ‘escape’ side of work. This face is made up of three tools: cynicism, scepticism and dis-identification. Dis-identification refers to the disconnection from ones identity and the work environment. In an incident that occurred in April of 2007, a young girl committed suicide after been given unrealistic work goals and hassled by management staff of Telstra to return to work during her stress leave (Masanauskas, 2007). This amount of pressure lead to her suicide, and the change from her once â€Å"vibrant personality† was transformed into a â€Å"nervous wreck† (Masanauskas, 2007). The young women’s parents described the Telstra staff to be treating their daughter â€Å"like a machine.† From this tragedy, the union demanded realistic work goals and targets. The dis-identification from ‘human’ to ‘machine’ within the workplace highlights the third face of resistance, to escape work. However, this escape was much more serious and punishing, for it was not just a mental escape from work, but a suicide. Conclusion Throughout this report it is made evident that the three focal behavioral characteristics of organisations can have a major impact on its stakeholders. Although these impacts can be both positive and negative it is clear from the examples provided that a balance between what’s positive to both an organisation and its stakeholders remains a huge challenge to maintain. Telstra has been used as a case organisation due to its operational size and market reach throughout the country and spreading to different cultures internationally. Various methods were used to gather and analyse information specific to the affects of power, control and resistance from both internal and external stakeholders of the company which formed the basis of or report. Power of an organisation over its stakeholders is seen almost always as a negative characteristic but is critical to an organisations success. It was found that power in Telstra is delegated down through a hierarchal management structure to manage staff and performance. This lead onto analysing which control methods are being used within Telstra such as performance goals and project deadlines, which have been founded to be a major cause of many bully and stress related complaints. Due to the mismanagement of power and control various cases of industrial action and even suicide has been reported as a form of resistance from stakeholders. This resistance has a negative impact on the public image of the organisation and can potentially affect its market value. It is critical for organisations to achieve a balance between economic growth and ethical practices. Until this happens cases such of those highlighted in the report will continue causing restraint and harm to both the organisation and its stakeholders.

Reflective practice is an integral part of developing skills to improve

Reflective practice is an integral part of developing skills to improve Reflective writing is as a medium for an individuals reflective capacity to be communicated and examined both internally and externally. Self directed learning is emphasised through reflective writing as students engage in a more holistic approach which uncovers the reasons behind their actions. Experience and learning Moon (2004) emphasised that an individual can both reflect in order to learn or learn as a result of reflecting. Through experiencing new situations medical students are able to learn and develop new skills but the level of learning depends on the depth of reflecting of the experience. This is often why reflection is described as learning through experience. Reflection of an experience is associated with deep learning where the student is able to gain more insight into the decisions behind the actions involved. (Marton,Hounsell, Entwistle 1984) By learning through experience students are able to build on previous knowledge which covers a solid knowledge base that can be applied to changing situations and which experiences can be drawn from. Learning does not stop at reflection but involves the changing in decision making processes and actions that reflection should bring about in future situations. What is learnt from reflection must be put into practice for it to be effective. Kolb (1984) proposed that Learning does not result from having an experience but occurs when an experience is examined, reviewed and reflected upon. This process allows a connection to form between theory and actions where an experience involves preparation, action, reflection and connection back to previous knowledge. Refection involves lifelong learning as the changing nature of medicine and ethical concerns continues to challenge practitioners. Emotions and Reflection William (2002) said Actions are so much more powerful if they arise from both feelings and thoughts. Reflection involves the process of understanding and examining emotions and how they affected a situation. Emotions are an integral part of any experience and it is through reflective practice that the impact emotions has on a situation comes to light. Practitioners have to deal with many different situations that can cause psychological and emotional strain. Reflective writing allows emotions to be dealt with and not compressed. Through expressing personal feelings practitioners are able to be more focused and self-aware which can increase their capacity to feel empathy for patients situations. Empathy makes patients feel more understood and heard and through reflective writing the promotion of understanding of patients situations and vulnerabilities can be achieved. (Squier 1998) Negative feelings can hinder performance through self doubt and lack of confidence but through reflecting on negative experiences these emotions can be used to improve performance and encourage self directed learning. (Olckers, Gibbs, Duncan 2007) Reflective writing allows students to use emotion in their writing which assist in overcoming psychological and emotional barriers which they may face and provides an opportunity to examine potential moral consequences of an action. Reflective writing allows students to deal with their emotions instead of suppressing them and allows the development of strategies to deal and express emotions in different settings. This promotes a sense of practitioner wellbeing where the mental, emotional and spiritual health of practitioners is looked after. Through reflecting on emotions a connection between the medical profession will the rest of society is built where there is less risk of practitioners becoming detached and intolerant. Reflection and learning in the Professions Reflection in the medical practice can be viewed from three directions; reflection-on action, reflection-in action and reflection-for action. (Killion, Todnem ,1991) Donald Schon (1983) developed theory of reflective professional practice by developing reflective- in and reflective-on action. Reflection- in action involves connecting past experience, feelings and knowledge to a current situation. This process allows new insight and understanding to be established in relation to the situation which will influence the decisions made by the medical practitioner as the situation develops. This type of reflection is particularly important to medical practitioners who face complex and new situations regularly and who need to make fast accurate decisions and actions. (Schon 1983) Reflection-on action involves reflecting on a situation that has occurred and analysing decisions made to determine weaknesses or possible improvements that could be implemented in future practice. This form of reflection is often only undertaken when something goes badly or not to plan but it is essential for reflection to take place after experiences that went well to fully reflect on an individuals strengths and weaknesses. There is also pr-action reflection which describes a form of reflection before an action is taken. This form of reflection aims to prepare professionals to be able to deal with situations where there may be no time to reflect in action so it becomes important to reflect prior to action. (Mann, Gordon and MacLeod, 2009)Reflection prior to action is often done unconsciously where future possible actions are accessed and evaluated and goals are set. In medicine if prior knowledge of patients condition is known research through literature, past case studies and communication with other health professions can result so that possible conditions which may be present can be dealt with. Reflection for action can be used to view the situation from a variety of perspective not just from ones self. It can include perspectives of the patient, other health professional and text based knowledge. This form of reflection can reduce mistakes and prepare practitioners for possible unforeseen circumstan ces. (Keith Ong 2011) Reflection and Personal Development Reflective practice is a key skill for medical students to develop and continue to use throughout their medical careers. Reflective practice assists medical students and practitioners to refine their ability and continually challenge their own decisions making process. The goal of reflection according to Epstein, should be to develop not only ones knowledge and skills, but also habits of mind that allow for informed flexibility, ongoing learning and humility, (full text1 19) Personal and professional development is an integral part of the medical profession. This development is cultivated by reflective practice which allows self-assessment and professional identity to be uncovered. Professional identity is established through reflective writing as a medium for practitioners to express their own voice and perspective, and clarify and refine personal values which may be competing or conflicting to others. (Shapiro 2006) Through becoming more self-aware reflective practice allows practitioners to become more engaged and aware during clinical encounters and improve clinical reasoning. This is why reflection has close links to safe practice as critical though has been put into decisions allowing care to be solely patient based. (Bansman 95). Critical examination of decisions allows problem solving skills to enhance which contributes to more effective treatment of patients. Reflection assists in guiding present and future decisions and actions in a competent and knowledgeable way through allowing new experiences to draw on pervious situations to increase understanding of patients and to extend empathy towards them. (Wald 2010) Reflective writing improves clinicians stores of empathy, reflection, and courage Writing that affects the reader is art (Charon 2004) Reflective practice is shown to have many benefits for practitioners not only through clinical skill improvements but assisting in developing the whole person by developing interpersonal skills. Practitioners improve skills of empathy as they are more aware of their patients and their own emotions and how those emotions may effect the consultation or decision made by the patient. Reflective practice allows a connection to form between technical and knowledge based facets and emotional aspects. It aims to develop personal skills which will enhance and guide technical learning and performance in a clinical setting. Through assessing the bigger picture though reflective practice students are able to deal with more complex and unforseen issues. The process of reflection Reflection may be difficult to teach (Stimson 2009, Roberst 2009) although reflective frameworks can assist in engaging individuals with reflective practices and developing skills for future internal reflection. Reflection in a practical setting needs to be continuous for the knowledge uncovered during reflection to be translated into action. Gibbs (1988) created the Five stages of reflection model which can be used as a guide for reflective writing. This model represents the cycle that reflective practice is a part of. The five steps of this model include describe, reflect, research and analyse, decide, act and evaluate. Brookfield (1987) approach to reflection involves using the view points of a number of different perspectives know as the four lenses. It involves researching, analysing and connecting through critical reflection. Conclusion Reflective practice is an important attribute for undergraduate medical students as it increases self-awareness, refines problem making skills and prepares students to deal with complex, unpredictable situations. Through reflection students are able to refine their clinical skills by recognising their strengths and weaknesses which develops personal competence and identity. Although reflection takes time and effort the long term benefits create a more competent and compassionate practitioner

Medicare Impact on the Health Care System

There are two common procedures done on the digestive system. These procedures are the lap band and gastric bypass surgery. These procedures are to help people achieve weight loss. There are millions of people who have gotten these procedures done throughout the United States. However, the results are not always what you expect. Gastric bypass surgery is used to help treat obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and a number of other illnesses. From my research I have found that 15% percent of patients suffer complications and 0. % has died within six months of surgery due to complications. Mortality is a danger of gastric bypass. Anastomotic leakage, the leakage from the surgical connection between the stomach and the bowel, can occur. If it is a minor leak, it can be treated by antibiotics. However, if the leakage is severe, an additional surgery to stop the leak will be needed. Anastomotic stricture can also occur. While your anastomosis heals, a scar tissue forms. It naturally shrinks over time.The food passing through keeps it stretched. Sometimes it shrinks so much that a gastroendoscope needs to be performed to stretch it back out This may need to be done numerous times before its corrected. The lap band is used to treat similar illnesses as the gastric bypass does. This procedure also comes with risk. Erosion of the lap band can occur causing it to migrate through the stomach wall. It can cause severe problems such as leakage and bleeding. Urgent treatment is needed if this happens.Slipping of the band can happen as well. This causes the lower part of the stomach to prolapse through the band causing an enlarged upper pouch. This can in some cases cause obstruction and need immediate surgery to correct. The lap band and gastric bypass surgeries sound real good to obese people who want to lose weight fast. My advice is to research every option and weigh out the pros and cons. No minor flaw with your body is worth running the risk of these dan gers happening to you,

An Analysis of Ann Petry’s “Like a Winding Sheet” Essay

There have been countless studies to that show Stress, Frustration and Anger are related. In Ann Petry short story â€Å"Like a Winding Sheet† you can observer this relationship. First, let us study the title â€Å"Like a Winding Sheet† the words Winding Sheet means â€Å"shroud†, this indicate the characters of the story could have a shroud hanging oven him? The story is told in a third person point of view it takes place in the Ghetto’s of Harlem. As you start reading the story, you can see right away Johnson and his wife Mae seem to be a happy black couple. He tries to get up before his wife Mae, and he wants to â€Å"surprise her by fixing breakfast† (1). This divulges a romantic side of Johnson to the reader however, instead of getting up he goes back to sleep because, he has worked ten hours at night and his legs are sore. Another sign of Johnson’s love for Mae is when they were arguing about being late for work and â€Å"he couldn’t bring himself to talk to her roughly or threaten to strike her like a lot of men might have done† (59). Although, this appears from the outward appearance to be a normal relationship it’s hard to ignore the inward emotion that Johnson has been keeping bottled up. Was this the beginning of Johnson’s Stress, Frustration, and Anger? As the story moves on Johnson arrive to work late as always, he see the forelady, a white woman who is upset about something. He avoids looking at her, but she stops him anyway. He greets her â€Å"good evening; Mrs. Scott’ (91) and waits for her reaction. The forelady refers to the time and tells him that â€Å"he is late again† (92). Johnson explains to her that his legs are giving him trouble. Then suddenly she makes a remark that’s bring out Johnson anger â€Å"Every guy comes in here late always has an excuse† (100) â€Å"and niggers are the worse† (102). She also points out that she is â€Å"sick of niggers† (104) which is definitely, in today society considered a racial statement. This along with the fact that it was coming from the mouth of a white woman was more than Johnson was prepared to handle. But, he reframes from hitting her because she is a woman. Was this the beginning of Johnson’s Stress, Frustration, and Anger? Work is finally over and Johnson’s anger has subsided. However, this doesn’t last long. As Johnson makes his way home he sees a line of people being service coffee at an urn. He stops to get some when the white girl who is  serving the coffee refuses to give Johnson a cup and he assumes it is because he is black but in really it was because the young lady had to make more. Just the thought of not being serviced the coffee because, he was black made him furious and makes him want to â€Å"hit her so hard that the scarlet lipstick on her mouth would smear and spread over her nose, her chin† (253). But, as with the forelady he reframes from hitting her because she is a woman. Was this the beginning of Johnson’s Stress, Frustration, and Anger? Johnson makes home from work and starts arguing with his wife. She says that he is â€Å"nothing but a hungry nigger who is trying at act tough† (312).This pushes Johnson over the edge his anger and frustration take over. He finds his hands on this wife face not realizing that he was taking all his anger and frustration on the one he loves. You may ask why Johnson didn’t hit the forelady when she calls him a nigger, and why did he control his anger when the waitress refuse to give him a cup of coffee, and more important why did he lose it when his WIFE called him a† hungry nigger†. As the reader of this story I came up with two answers to these questions: one is if a black man lost control on a white woman his life would be worthless and black on black violence was acceptable. My second reason is as human being we have the tendency to take all of our frustrations and anger out on the ones that we love hoping that they will understand and will forgives us.

Sexual images in Christina Rossettis Goblin Market Essays

Sexual images in Christina Rossettis Goblin Market Essays Sexual images in Christina Rossettis Goblin Market Paper Sexual images in Christina Rossettis Goblin Market Paper Essay Topic: Literature In reading Christina Rossettis Goblin Market, I was first impressed by the colourful imagery and exciting events that take place in Rossettis fantastic and mysterious creation. The adventures of Lizzie and Laura, and Lizzies ultimate act of heroism at saving her sister from becoming another victim of evil goblin men, was fun to skim through quickly and enjoy on a surface level. But when I read the poem again, I noticed some serious sexual undertones throughout the piece. The goblin men and what they represented, their dealings with the sisters, and the sacrifices their victims must ake all carry very sexual meanings and messages. In fact, I think many of the images in Goblin Market could be construed, in todays world, as a form of pornography. Ill go through various elements of the poem and explain how the representation of men the bonds of women can be interpreted as pornographic. Christina Rossetti invented the characters of the goblin men in order to explore many of the issues associated with feminism and gender roles in society. The goblin men directly represent what men want from women. Men want sexual innocence from women, the typical male fantasy of the willing virgin is laid out quite clearly. In contemporary society men gawk over young looking pop icons such as Brittany Spears, and pornographic movies reenact school detention scenarios with women dressed as schoolgirls offering themselves to guidance counselors. The same is true in Goblin Market the men only want virginal young women, and once the fantasy has been lived out for them, they have no more use for the poor female victim, and throw her away. Laura no longer hears the cries of the goblins therefore she is no longer worthy of mens attention. Consequently after premarital loss of virginity, women, like Laura in the oem, feels stripped of her dignity and self-worth, and can no longer go on living the same way again. Other examples of Rossettis portrayal of the goblin men as sexual predators abound throughout the poem. One had a cats face/One whisked a tail/One tramped at a rats pace/One crawled like a snail. Such variety in describing each goblin seems to assert that such devious sexual predators can come in all shapes and sizes, and can easily fool their unsuspecting victims. Rossetti does the same late in the poem when describing the goblins courting of Lizzie: Snail-paced and in a hurry/Parrot-voiced and whistler This demonstrates that sexual predators can use many different methods in seducing a victim. The goblin men also seem to possess biblical qualities as well. Such as when Eve tempts Adam in the Garden of Eden, so do the goblin men try to tempt the virgin maidens with their own forbidden fruit. The men first seem perfectly nice and genuine, but when they are rebuffed they become violent and angry. This too can be said for many sexual predators. The rape scene with Lizzie later in the poem could be looked upon in a contemporary light as the violent outbursts of a scorned man bent on wicked and ainful revenge. Whether Rossetti intentionally depicted the goblin men as such chilling and horrible sexual predators is uncertain. However, it is clear that in Goblin Market, they are most definitely the villains. When the goblin men deal with the sisters, there are some very sexual ideas demonstrated. The objects of desire in the poem, the fruits, are described in an overtly sexual manner, by both the goblin men, and later the sisters themselves. Strong sexual suggestions are used in describing Lauras indulgence in the fruit, in her first encounter with the goblin men. Such sentences as She sucked and sucked and sucked the more. And, She sucked until her lips were sore. Of course like I have mentioned previously, the goblin men have use only for virgins and as part of the same stanza as the fruit sucking, They flung the emptied rinds away. The throwing away of the female victim is also tied into the fruit as the rinds describe the women who have lost their virginity. The fruit is described to be fresh and beautiful and unpecked the women are tempted with the fruit that is supposed to be a joy to eat. It sounds tempting and once had, Laura ants more, she searches for it but is non-existent to the goblins. It sounds much like the age-old story of young men coaxing women into sleeping with them with promises of being around the next day. Laura describes the fruit to her sister, What peaches with a velvet nap. Pellucid grapes without one seed. Which as I would decipher would refer to sex that is not in the intention of procreation. Although the poem has not been given a solid place or time, the activities of the sisters strike me as rural and pre-industrial which might refer to a time when in many cultures sex was strictly an activity to procreate. Like men offer love and passion, the goblin men offer incredible fruit the price however is virginity and the result is being unwanted. As shown in the poem, first by Jeanie and then by Laura, consequences of dealing with the goblin men are very grave, and also bear some very sexual connotations. Jeanie encountered the goblin men and then ached for them until her death. I believe Jeanies death to not be the important part of her story, although it may represent misogynistic genocide, as premarital sex can lead to death in some cultures. What I do believe to be mportant is Jeanies aging and her gravesite. Jeanie was described to have dwindled and grew gray. She became old and unwanted after a single act with the goblins. Age is definitely an important issue to discuss in the realm of women and therefore is mentioned in womens literature. Age used to be of importance for child bearing endurance, today it signifies beauty and the media attacks the self esteem of every women the minute she looks a day over sixteen, refer to any Calvin Klein advertisement. Even more interestingly there is a reference to Jeanies fertility, While to this day no grass will row, where she lies now. It is not hard to understand where this reference is coming from as much of the reason men demanded to marry virgins was to carry a blood line and a women who is not a virgin before marriage would be considered infertile or ruined. The goblins traded fruit for virginity, today virginity is sold as an idea in primetime television, movies, pornography and white wedding dresses. Sexual references come to a peak near the end of the poem during Lauras redemption. It has been read as a lesbian love scene, and acts as the pivotal point of Laura regaining her virginity. They way this part of the poem is written makes it the most erotic but this was where I had to stop and back track rereading very carefully. I reassured myself that these two characters Laura and Lizzie were in fact sisters. They had the sister bond, the female bond, which is reinforced at the very end, and now the bond of lovers. I think Rossetti ignored the incestual side of this love making and used it purely to empower women and display the strengthening of the female bond as well as the absence of men. The three bonds between women are now displayed sisters, friends nd lovers however I cannot ignore the crossover of the sister and lover bond as Rossetti surely must have considered this new addition, the topic of incest. Is the incestual relationship an awakening for both of the women, a chance to experiment and exercise sexual explorations in a harmless way before moving on to marry and have children? It may be just a metaphor that the bond between women is so strong as we read that Lizzie helps Laura regain her virginity. I cant help but see that this eroticism is also representing a male fantasy. Two sisters in the act of lovemaking can very well be read s pornographic if not taboo. Hue Hefner is dating twins, and many movies particularly those that have themes of sex refer to such scenarios. Christina Rossettis Goblin Market a childrens poem, tells a tale of exploration, loss of innocence and redemption through the story of goblin men who sell forbidden fruit. The imagery of the goblin men and their fruit has many sexual and biblical undertones. The story raises issues of the premarital loss of virginity, bonds between women including lesbian relationships and sexual exploration under the thumb f societys view of womens sexuality. The goblin men represent what men want, they offer forbidden fruit which is sweet yet devastating and the price is virginity. The consequence of encountering the goblin men is the loss of control and becoming unwanted. The story touches on many taboos, clearly portraying what men want and what bonds should exist between women. The eroticism of the poem produces images that can be construed as pornographic yet I will concluded that these images are issues that exist even today in our society between men and women, and relationships.

Free Essays on Florida In The Year 2010

Florida in the Year 2010: The Effects that Florida’s Young and Old Will Have on Our Future As we approach the half way mark in this decade of Florida’s history in the new millennium, we have somewhat of an idea of what is in store for Florida government and it’s constituents. As advances are made daily, we can see vast changes and improvements in the political, social, and economic arenas of our state. But what is to come in the next five years? What exactly will Florida look like as it ends this decade in the year 2010? We can use information that we have collected from the recent past (such as the 2000 census) and reach back into our states rich history to predict what we can expect in the near future for Florida. Florida would not be what it is today if it were not for the residents that live in it. The people that reside here and their backgrounds and beliefs are the driving forces behind all that makes this state work. Therefore, it is Florida’s population that is the first indicator as to what changes are in store for it’s future. While Florida’s ethnic flare in the south and our historical increase in immigrants from Latin and Southern American countries have been a steady constant in the population, there are two other demographics that are steadily rising and are taking the forefront in Florida’s population shift. As the products of the â€Å"Baby Boom† generation that occurred post World War II are nearing the golden years of retirement, they are migrating south and seeking the warm sunny beaches and communities of Florida as their new homes. The sixty-five years and older demographic has exploded, and in the 2000 census this age group consisted of 17.6 % of Florida’s total population (Florida Quick Facts, 2003). These senior citizens are not concerned with being located near urban centers where proximity to a job is of importance, so they have sought out the suburbs of cities such as Tampa, Orl... Free Essays on Florida In The Year 2010 Free Essays on Florida In The Year 2010 Florida in the Year 2010: The Effects that Florida’s Young and Old Will Have on Our Future As we approach the half way mark in this decade of Florida’s history in the new millennium, we have somewhat of an idea of what is in store for Florida government and it’s constituents. As advances are made daily, we can see vast changes and improvements in the political, social, and economic arenas of our state. But what is to come in the next five years? What exactly will Florida look like as it ends this decade in the year 2010? We can use information that we have collected from the recent past (such as the 2000 census) and reach back into our states rich history to predict what we can expect in the near future for Florida. Florida would not be what it is today if it were not for the residents that live in it. The people that reside here and their backgrounds and beliefs are the driving forces behind all that makes this state work. Therefore, it is Florida’s population that is the first indicator as to what changes are in store for it’s future. While Florida’s ethnic flare in the south and our historical increase in immigrants from Latin and Southern American countries have been a steady constant in the population, there are two other demographics that are steadily rising and are taking the forefront in Florida’s population shift. As the products of the â€Å"Baby Boom† generation that occurred post World War II are nearing the golden years of retirement, they are migrating south and seeking the warm sunny beaches and communities of Florida as their new homes. The sixty-five years and older demographic has exploded, and in the 2000 census this age group consisted of 17.6 % of Florida’s total population (Florida Quick Facts, 2003). These senior citizens are not concerned with being located near urban centers where proximity to a job is of importance, so they have sought out the suburbs of cities such as Tampa, Orl...

Case analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Case analysis - Assignment Example For example, in 2010 the company recorded low profits for the holiday quarter. The management blamed the sluggish global economy for the decrease in profits. Additionally, the Wal-Mart’s management argued that the cuts in food stamps would have a negative impact on the profits. They further singled out high taxation, reduce in government benefits, and tighter credit as threats to the store’s profits. 4. The store evolves around with social trends. For instance, Wal-Mart’s top management has embraced online shopping. Additionally, the business goes in line with the customers’ demand for healthier foods. However, Wal-Mart did not embrace the use of technology early. The store’s founder, Sam Walton, did not care about technology. Currently, the store’s website is behind its competitors. Their marketing in the social media did not yield much success. The alternative is for the store to give the best customer experience to its customers and hire employees that would give better service to the customers. Additionally, they have to make their business more attractive by making classy colors inside the store. Furthermore, the store has to give low prices to their goods. An improvement in the store’s public image will be a sign that they have improved the customer experience. If there will be an increase in the number of customers, it will be evident the store has reduced its prices and the goods are more affordable to all. A general rise in the profits will indicate the store has implemented all its alternatives. The company will be in the right direction if it improves the customer experience. However, no one can fulfill human wants because they are insatiable. Additionally, a reduction in price in order to attract more customers would hurt the store’s profits. The paper recommends the store to open more branches. It will make the store become more popular globally. The management should consider more

Dyson Crafting a Deployment Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dyson Crafting a Deployment Strategy - Essay Example Education, knowledge, culture, supporting high tech start-ups and financing high tech start ups were his proposals. He laid emphasis on exploiting knowledge, challenging the government to consider investing in university or industry research, where there are possibilities of making specializations and excellence in certain fields. There is a general acceptance among leaders in public and private sectors that UK has a strong scientific base, which lays a good foundation for making innovation a reality. Support should continue to be given to local institutions of learning and research with emphasis on those which utilize innovative approaches to provide sustainable solutions to the problems or needs of people in the country or globally. Research and development is nowadays a common feature of any institution which needs to grow and remain relevant to the demands and needs of relevant consumers. It is especially essential that R & D be not a totally separate department where innovation exists, whereas the other areas in an organization remain stagnant. R & D should be incorporated into the general structure of the company and everybody should view it as part of the means to achieve an organization’s purposes. This paper aims to obtain experiences from clients who use Dyson products in their homes and offices. Specifically, clients will be asked to explain why they prefer Dyson products or generally how the products differ from others they have used before. To get the right and helpful answers from the clients, it’s critical to design the questions in such a way that they are not confusing to the customers, and that they are convenient and comfortable for the clients to give comprehensive and correct answers or responses. The questions should be straight to the point or direct. Methodology This study employs a cross sectional strategy whereby information will be collected from clients of the company once, without any follow up except for clarification . Questionnaires will be used to collect information and they will be self administered unless there is request for questions to be read. This data will be analyzed quantitatively to obtain measures of central tendency and variation, and a final report will be written to inform the company on what customers expect from them. There shall be feedback where the information obtained from clients will be presented before senior management of the company so that any clarifications can be made to enable the company make informed decisions regarding the design and manufacture of their products (Dyson, 2012). Obtaining of information from clients or customers is very critical for any organization, because it helps the organization to be able to know the feelings or attitudes of the customers and potential clients regarding their products or what they sell. This specifically helps companies in coming up with decisions which can greatly help the company to move forward. Basically, asking for c ustomer response helps in efficient decision making, and many companies capitalize on this when making critical decisions regarding the running of the companies. These responses may be collected using questionnaires or interviews, both physical and telephone interviews, where customers are